Index: languages/apertium-eng/apertium-eng.eng.dix =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/apertium-eng.eng.dix (revision 80420) +++ languages/apertium-eng/apertium-eng.eng.dix (revision 80422) @@ -3483,6 +3483,7 @@ aardwol abacus abadheadache + abalone abandonment abatement abattoir @@ -3513,6 +3514,7 @@ abnormalit abolishment abolition + abolitionist abomination abortion abortionist @@ -3585,6 +3587,7 @@ accord accordion accordionist + accountabilit accountanc accountant account @@ -3610,6 +3613,7 @@ acetone acetophenone acetylcholine + acetylene acetyl ache achievement @@ -3692,6 +3696,7 @@ adherence adherent adhesion + adhesive ad adipocyte adjectivalisation @@ -3712,11 +3717,13 @@ admirer admissionfee admission + admixture admonishment admonition adolescence adolescent adoptedchild + adoptee adoption adoration adorer @@ -3723,6 +3730,7 @@ adrenaline adret adsorbent + adsorption adulation adulteration adulterer @@ -3810,6 +3818,7 @@ afternoontea aftertaste agalactia + agarose age agenc agenda @@ -3853,10 +3862,14 @@ aholiday aide aid + aikido + ailment aim aimlessness + Ainu inulanguage airan + airbase air-conditioner air-conditioning air-conditioningunit @@ -3865,11 +3878,13 @@ airfare airfield airflow + airfoil airforce airframe airhostess air-hostess air + airlift airline airliner airlineticket @@ -3879,9 +3894,11 @@ airmailletter airm airplane + airplay airport airship airspace + airspeed airstrike airstrike airtightness @@ -3890,6 +3907,7 @@ airway aisle kanlanguage + Akkadian alabaster alarmclock alarm-clock @@ -4002,6 +4020,7 @@ ambush amendment amen + amenit amenorrhoea AmericanEnglish americanism @@ -4064,11 +4083,13 @@ analyser analys analyst + analyzer analyzing anaphylax anarchism anarchist anarch + anathema anatomist anatom anatoxin @@ -4085,6 +4106,7 @@ andesite andiron ndorran + android andrologist androlog anecdote @@ -4128,6 +4150,7 @@ animaltrade animaltrainer animation + animator anime animism animosit @@ -4138,6 +4161,7 @@ ankle anklet annals + annealing annelid annexation annexationist @@ -4211,11 +4235,14 @@ anti-monarchist antimon antioxidant + antiparticle antipath antiperspirant antiphon antipode antipollution + antipope + antiquarian antiquer antiquit anti-racialism @@ -4278,11 +4305,13 @@ appeal appearance appeasement + appellation appellative appendage appendicitis appendi appetite + app applause apple applejuice @@ -4301,6 +4330,7 @@ applicator appointee appointment + appraisal appraiser appreciation apprehension @@ -4329,6 +4359,7 @@ aqueduct aquifer Arabian + Arabic rabiclanguage rabicspeaker arabism @@ -4340,6 +4371,7 @@ aragonite Aramaic Aramean + arbiter arbitrage arbitrager arbitrariness @@ -4354,7 +4386,6 @@ archdiocese archduchess archenemy -

archeologyarchaeology

 archer archer archetype @@ -4371,6 +4402,7 @@ archness archon archpriest + arcsecond ardenc ardor ardour @@ -4560,6 +4592,7 @@ atheist Athenian atheroma + atheroscleros athlete athleticism athletics @@ -4623,6 +4656,7 @@ auditor auger augite + augmentation augur ugust aunt @@ -4679,6 +4713,7 @@ auxiliar auxiliaryverb availabilit + avail avalanche avant-garde avantgardism @@ -4692,6 +4727,7 @@ aversion averting aviation + aviator avocado avoidance award @@ -4709,11 +4745,13 @@ ax

oftheearthoftheearth

 axle axon + ayahuasca ymara ayran azalea Azerbaijani azimuth + Aztec azure azurite babe @@ -4735,7 +4773,6 @@ backcompartment backcover backdoor - backdoor backdrop backgammon backgarden @@ -4752,6 +4789,7 @@ backrest backside backstitch + backstor backstroke backtalk backup @@ -4805,7 +4843,6 @@ ballot ballotpaper ballpen - ball-pen ballpointpen ballroom balneotherapy @@ -4899,6 +4936,7 @@ barter barycenter barye + baryon baryta basalt baseballgame @@ -4932,6 +4970,7 @@ bass bassoon bast + bastion batallion Batavian batch @@ -4954,6 +4993,7 @@ batter batting battleaxe + battlecruiser battlefield battleground battle @@ -4969,6 +5009,7 @@ beachcomber beach beachtowel + beacon bead beadle beagle @@ -5064,6 +5105,7 @@ beneficiar benefit benevolence + Bengali benignness bent bentonite @@ -5080,6 +5122,7 @@ berr berserker berth + beryl beryllium bestiar bestm @@ -5150,6 +5193,7 @@ biodiversit bioenerg bioengineer + biofilm biogas biogeograph biographer @@ -5165,6 +5209,7 @@ biometrics biomimicr biophysicist + biopic biopolymer biops biosphere @@ -5172,6 +5217,8 @@ biosynthes biotechnolog biotite + bipedalism + biplane bipolarit bipolarization birch @@ -5209,6 +5256,7 @@ bite bit bitmap + bitrate bitterness bitumen bivalence @@ -5463,7 +5511,6 @@ boyar boycott boyfriend -boy-friend boyfriend boyhood boy @@ -5540,6 +5587,7 @@ breeze breeziness Breton + brevit brewer brewer brew @@ -5602,7 +5650,6 @@ br br

inarmsinarms

 br

-in-law-in-law

 -brother-in-law broth brouhaha brow @@ -5655,6 +5702,7 @@ buildup bulb ulgarian + bulge bulimia bulk bulldog @@ -5703,6 +5751,7 @@ burialfund burial burka + Burmese burn burning burnout @@ -5735,7 +5784,6 @@ busybod butcher butchershop -butcher's butchery butler buttercup @@ -5761,6 +5809,7 @@ byword Byzantism cabalist + cabaret cabbage cab cabinet @@ -5902,9 +5951,11 @@ canonisation canonization canop + cantata canteen canter cant + Cantonese canton cantor canvas @@ -5911,6 +5962,7 @@ canvasser canyon capabilit + capacitance capacitor capacit cape @@ -5927,6 +5979,8 @@ capitalit capitalization capitation + capitulation + capoeira capon cappuccino capriciousness @@ -5937,6 +5991,7 @@ captainc captain caption + captioning captive captivit captor @@ -6010,6 +6065,7 @@ carob carobseed carol + carotene carousel carpark carpark @@ -6185,6 +6241,7 @@ censorship censorship

ofthepressofthepress

 census + centaur centaury centennial center @@ -6192,6 +6249,7 @@ cent centigrade centiliter + centimeter centimetre centipede cento @@ -6289,6 +6347,7 @@ channel chant chaos + chaparral chapel chap chapter @@ -6426,11 +6485,14 @@ chin chipboard chip + chipset + chiralit chiropter chisel chitchat chitin chive + chloramphenicol chlorenchyma chloride chlorination @@ -6480,6 +6542,7 @@ Christmasstocking Christmastree Christmas-tree + chroma chromaticity chromatid chromatin @@ -6506,6 +6569,7 @@ chunk church churchm + churchyard churn chute Chuvash @@ -6566,6 +6630,7 @@ civilisation civilization civilwar + cladding clade cladism claimant @@ -6731,6 +6796,7 @@ coconutoil cocoon coda + codec codefendant code cod @@ -6765,6 +6831,7 @@ coherence cohesion cohesiveness + cohomolog cohort coinage coincidence @@ -6837,16 +6904,16 @@ colorimeter colorimetr colorist +

color colour

 colossus colostrum colourbrochure - colour -

color colour

 colouredpencil colourfilm colouring colour

oftheskinoftheskin

 colourprinter + colour colt column columnist @@ -6930,6 +6997,7 @@ compactdisc compactdiscplayer compacter + compactness companion companionship compan @@ -6990,6 +7058,7 @@ compulsoryeducation compulsorystop compunction + computabilit computation computation

oftimeoftime

 computerclub @@ -7059,11 +7128,13 @@ conduction conductivit conductor + conduit condyle cone confectioner confectioner confection + confederac confederate confederation conference @@ -7132,6 +7203,7 @@ consens consent consequence +consequentialism conservation conservationist conservatism @@ -7178,6 +7250,7 @@ constructor consulate consul + consulship consultant consultation consultation

ofworkersbymanagementofworkersbymanagement

 @@ -7267,6 +7340,7 @@ convoy convulsion conwom + cookbook cooker cooker cook @@ -7404,6 +7478,7 @@ counsellor counselor countability + countdown countenance counterattack counterblow @@ -7451,6 +7526,7 @@ courtcase courtesan courtes + courthouse court courtier court

ofarbitrationofarbitration

 @@ -7457,6 +7533,7 @@ courtroom courtship courtyard + couscous cousin couture covariance @@ -7483,7 +7560,6 @@ crackling cradle craft - craft craftiness craftsm craftsmanship @@ -7509,6 +7585,7 @@ crease creation creationism + creationist creativeness creativepower creativit @@ -7552,6 +7629,7 @@ criminalrecord criminolog cris + crisp crispness crisps criteri @@ -7559,6 +7637,7 @@ critic criticism critique + Croatian Croat crochet crock @@ -7649,6 +7728,7 @@ culmination culpabilit cult + cultivar cultivation cultivator culturalcentre @@ -7680,6 +7760,7 @@ curler curlicue curl + curling currant currare currenc @@ -7714,6 +7795,7 @@ cutout cutthroat cutting + cyan cyanide cybernetics cybersex @@ -7774,7 +7856,6 @@ dancefloor dance-floor dancehall -dance-hall dance dancemusic dancer @@ -7816,7 +7897,6 @@ dativecase dative daughter -daughter-in-law daughter

-in-law-in-law

 daw dawn @@ -7835,6 +7915,7 @@ daytime daytime daywork + deacon deactivation deadline deadlock @@ -7912,6 +7993,7 @@ decoder decoding decolonisation + decolonization decomposition decompression deconcentration @@ -7963,6 +8045,7 @@ deformation deformit defraudation + degenerac degeneration degradation degree-holder @@ -7971,6 +8054,7 @@ degree

ofseverityofseverity

 dehumidifier dehydration + dehydrogenase dehydrogenation deindustrialisation deindustrialization @@ -8023,6 +8107,7 @@ democraticstate democrat democratisation + democratization demodulation demodulator demographer @@ -8087,6 +8172,7 @@ deposition depositor depositor + depot depravation depreciation depressant @@ -8118,6 +8204,7 @@ description descriptor desecration + desegregation deserter desert desertification @@ -8143,6 +8230,7 @@ desolation desorption despair + desperation despondenc despot despotism @@ -8309,6 +8397,7 @@ diorama diorite dioxide + dioxin diphosphate diphtheria diphthong @@ -8365,6 +8454,7 @@ disconnection discontent discontentment + discontinuation discontinuit discordance discordanc @@ -8408,6 +8498,7 @@ disinformation disinheritance disintegration + disjunction disk-drive diskette disk @@ -8485,6 +8576,7 @@ district distrust disturbance + disulfide disuse ditch diuretic @@ -8620,6 +8712,7 @@ dragonfl dragon dragontree + dragoon drainage drain drama @@ -8630,6 +8723,7 @@ dramaturg draught draughtsm + drawback draw drawee drawer @@ -8637,6 +8731,7 @@ drawing drawl dread + dreadnought dreamer dream dredging @@ -8670,7 +8765,6 @@ drivinglesson drivinglicence driving-licence -drivinglicense drivingtest drizzle dromedar @@ -8688,7 +8782,6 @@ drove drowning drowsiness -

Dr. Dr

 drugdealer drugdog drug @@ -8866,6 +8959,7 @@ editorialoffice editorialstaff editor + editorship educatedm educationalfilm educationalinstitution @@ -8974,6 +9068,7 @@ elm elocution elongation + eloquence elucidation elvenqueen elver @@ -9040,6 +9135,7 @@ emulation emulsion enactment + enamel enanthema encampment encapsulation @@ -9051,6 +9147,7 @@ encircling enclave enclosure + encoder encomi encore encounter @@ -9089,6 +9186,7 @@ endothelium endotoxin endowment + endpoint endurance endurance enema @@ -9192,6 +9290,7 @@ epinephrine epiphan EpiscopalChurch + episcopate episode epistemolog epistemology @@ -9202,6 +9301,7 @@ epithet epitome epoch + epoxyresin equal equalisation equaliser @@ -9265,6 +9365,7 @@ essayist essence essential + essentialism essentialit essivecase establishment @@ -9271,11 +9372,13 @@ estateagent estate esteem + ester esterification estimate estimate

ofcostofcost

 estimation estimator + Estonian estrogen estrus estuar @@ -9300,6 +9403,7 @@ ethyl etiolog etiquette + Etruscan etymolog etymon eucalyptustree @@ -9308,6 +9412,7 @@ eulog eunuch euphemism + euphonium euphoria euphoricsubstance Eurocheque @@ -9366,6 +9471,7 @@ excise excitation excitement + exclamation exclamationmark exclave exclusion @@ -9417,6 +9523,7 @@ exodus exogam exoneration + exoplanet exorcism exorcist exoskeleton @@ -9429,6 +9536,7 @@ expectanc expectation expectoration + expedient expedition expenditure expense @@ -9449,6 +9557,7 @@ explorer explosion explosive + exponentiation exponent exporter export @@ -9460,6 +9569,7 @@ expressiveness expressivit expressletter + expressway expropriation expulsion extension @@ -9621,7 +9731,6 @@ FatherChristmas fatherhood father -father-in-law father

-in-law-in-law

 fatherland fathom @@ -9640,6 +9749,7 @@ favouritism favus fax + fealt fear fearlessness fear

ofheightsofheights

 @@ -9677,6 +9787,7 @@ femaleel female femaleworker + femininit feminism feminist feminit @@ -9718,7 +9829,6 @@ feuding fever fez - fiancee fiancée fiancé fiasco @@ -9731,6 +9841,7 @@ fibrin fibrinogen fibroma + fibros fibula fickleness fiction @@ -9759,8 +9870,10 @@ figuration figure figure

ofeightofeight

 + figurine file filesystem + filesystem filet filibuster filingcabinet @@ -9770,7 +9883,6 @@ fillet filling fillingstation -filling-station fillip filmcompan filmdirector @@ -9849,6 +9961,7 @@ firm firmness firm

ofmanufacturerofmanufacturer

 + firmware firn firstclass firstname @@ -9898,10 +10011,10 @@ flank flannel flap + flare flashback flasher flash -

flashlighttorch

 flask flatcountry flat @@ -9963,6 +10076,7 @@ flowershow flow fluctuation + fluenc fluff fluidit flu @@ -9993,6 +10107,7 @@ folder fold foldingscreen + foliage folio folkbelief folk @@ -10165,6 +10280,7 @@ freelancework freemasonr free-throwline + freeware freeway freewill freezer @@ -10171,7 +10287,6 @@ freezingplant freighter freight -Frenchfr Frenchkiss Frenchm renchmarigold @@ -10179,6 +10294,7 @@ renchpresident renchspeaker Frenchwindow + frenz frequenc frequencyresponse fresco @@ -10242,11 +10358,13 @@ fudge fuel fugitive + fugue fulcrum fulfillment fulfilment fullboard full-board + fullerene fullness full-time full-timejob @@ -10264,6 +10382,7 @@ fundamentalright fund funding + fundraiser fund-raising fundraising funeraldirector @@ -10299,11 +10418,13 @@ fusillade fusion fuss + futilit future futuretense futurism futurist futurit + fuze gaberdine gadfl gadget @@ -10329,6 +10450,7 @@ gallows gallstone galvanizing + galvanometer galvanotherapy gambit gamble @@ -10347,7 +10469,6 @@ gaming gammaglobulin gammagraph -

gamma-ray gamma ray

 gamut gang ganglion @@ -10413,6 +10534,7 @@ gaze gazetteer gazette + gearbox gear gearing geek @@ -10444,6 +10566,7 @@ generator generatri generosit + genes genetics genet genialit @@ -10456,7 +10579,6 @@ genocide genome genotype - genre gentian gentlem gentleness @@ -10477,6 +10599,7 @@ geophysics geophyte geopolitics + Georgian geosynonym geothermalenerg geothermalheat @@ -10492,6 +10615,7 @@ germ germination gerontolog + gerrymandering gerund gestation gesture @@ -10512,7 +10636,6 @@ giftcertificate gift gigantism - gig gigolo gilding gimlet @@ -10594,11 +10717,13 @@ glut glutton glycerin + glycerol glycine glycogen glycol glycolipid glycolys + glyph gnathion gnat gnomon @@ -10717,6 +10842,7 @@ grape grapejuice grapevine + graphene graphicdesigner graphic graphics @@ -10794,6 +10920,7 @@ grocer's grocer groin + groom groove grotesqueness grotto @@ -10905,6 +11032,7 @@ habitualcriminal habitus hacksaw + haemophilia hafnium hagiographer hagiograph @@ -10982,6 +11110,7 @@ handset handwriting handym + hangar hanger hanging hangm @@ -10988,6 +11117,7 @@ hangover hank hank + haplogroup happening happiness harassment @@ -11021,6 +11151,7 @@ harvest hash hashish + hassium haste hatchet hatch @@ -11036,6 +11167,7 @@ haven haversack havoc + Hawaiian hawk hawking hawser @@ -11182,8 +11314,10 @@ herd herd

ofcattleofcattle

 herdsm + heredit heres heretic + heritabilit heritage hermitage hermit @@ -11205,8 +11339,11 @@ heterogeneit heteronym heterosexual + heterosexualit heterozygote + hexafluoride hexagon + hexameter hexose heyday hiatus @@ -11246,6 +11383,7 @@ hillock hillside hind + Hindi hindrance induism induist @@ -11267,6 +11405,7 @@ histogram histolog historian + historicit historiograph histor histor

ofscienceofscience

 @@ -11277,6 +11416,7 @@ hit hitm hitparade + Hittite hoarder hoard hoarding @@ -11309,7 +11449,6 @@ hole hole

intheiceintheice

 holiday -holiday-maker holidaymaker holiness hollow @@ -11336,6 +11475,7 @@ homemarket homeomorphism homeopath + homeostas homeowner homepage homepage @@ -11417,7 +11557,6 @@ horseplay horsepower horseracing -horse-racing horseradish horserental horse-riding @@ -11429,6 +11568,7 @@ hospital hospitalisation hospitality + hospitalization hostage hostel hostelr @@ -11448,6 +11588,7 @@ hothead hothouse hotshot + hotspot hot-waterbottle hound hourglass @@ -11477,7 +11618,6 @@ housing howitzer howl -

hr hour

 hubbub hubris huddle @@ -11495,6 +11635,7 @@ humanitarianissue humanit humankind + humanoid humanrace humanright humbleness @@ -11554,6 +11695,7 @@ hydride hydrocarbon hydrocephalus +hydroelectricit hydroelectricpower hydrofoil hydrogenation @@ -11562,6 +11704,7 @@ hydrograph hydrolog hydrolysis + hydronium hydropath hydrophobia hydroplane @@ -11579,6 +11722,7 @@ hymn

ofthanksgivingofthanksgiving

 hyoidbone hyoid + hype hyperactivit hyperbola hyperbole @@ -11592,11 +11736,14 @@ hyperpyrexia hypersensitivit hypertension + hypertext hyperthermia + hyperthyroidism hypertroph hyperuricaemia hypha hyphenation + hyphen hypnos hypnotism hypnotist @@ -11619,6 +11766,7 @@ hypoxia hyssop hysterectom + hysteres hysteria iamb ibe @@ -11700,7 +11848,6 @@ imbecilit imbroglio imitation - imitator immanence immaterialit immaturit @@ -11735,6 +11882,7 @@ impatience impeachment impedance + impediment imperativemood imperfection imperialism @@ -11770,6 +11918,7 @@ impreciseness imprecision impregnation + impresario impression impressionism impressionist @@ -11826,7 +11975,6 @@ incoherence income incometax -income-tax incommunicabilit incompatibilit incompetence @@ -11885,10 +12033,12 @@ individualit indivisibilit indoctrination + Indonesian indorsement inducement inductance induction + indulgence industrialestate industrialisation industrialism @@ -11948,6 +12098,7 @@ influenza influx informalit + informant informationcentre informationdesk information @@ -11960,6 +12111,7 @@ infringement

ofthelawofthelaw

 infructescence infusion + ingenuit ingenuousness ingestion ingot @@ -12084,6 +12236,7 @@ intellectualism intelligence intelligencetest + intelligentsia intelligibilit intemperance intendant @@ -12223,10 +12376,12 @@ iridescence iridium iridotom + IrishGaelic Irishm rish rishwom iris + ironclad iron ironing ironmonger @@ -12292,7 +12447,6 @@ jacket jacketpocket jack-in-the-box -

Jack-in-the-Boxjack-in-the-box

 jack-of-all-trades jackpot jacobinism @@ -12302,7 +12456,6 @@ jaguar jail jailer -

jalapeno jalapeño

 jalapeño Jamaican jamboree @@ -12416,6 +12569,7 @@ justness jute juxtaposition + kabuki kaiser kaleidoscope kale @@ -12429,6 +12583,7 @@ karyotype ashubian katakana + kayak kebab keel keeper @@ -12482,6 +12637,7 @@ kilt kimberlite kimchi + kimono kindergarten kind kindliness @@ -12538,11 +12694,14 @@ koine oran orean + koto + krill krona krypton kudos Kurd urdish + kurtos label labeling labialisation @@ -12565,6 +12724,7 @@ lack

offaithoffaith

 lack

ofinterestofinterest

 lacquering + lacrosse lactation lactose lacuna @@ -12572,8 +12732,6 @@ ladder

ofsuccessofsuccess

 lad ladle - ladybird - ladybug lad lager laggard @@ -12627,6 +12785,7 @@ lapidar lapidation lap + lapislazuli lappet lapse laptopcomputer @@ -12688,6 +12847,7 @@ law

ofgravityofgravity

 law

ofnationsofnations

 law

ofnatureofnature

 + lawrencium lawsuit lawyer laxit @@ -12743,6 +12903,7 @@ legalisation legalism legalit + legalization legalprofession legalright legalstatus @@ -12851,6 +13012,7 @@ lie lieutenant lifebelt + lifecycle lifeguard li lifeinsurance @@ -12864,12 +13026,12 @@ lifestyle lifestyle lifetime - lift-boy liftboy lift liftoff ligament ligand + ligature lightbulb lightening lighter @@ -12911,6 +13073,7 @@ lineup lingerie lingo + linguafranca linguine linguistics linguist @@ -12930,7 +13093,6 @@ lipoma lipoprotein liposome -lip-stick lipstick liquefaction liquidation @@ -12988,6 +13150,7 @@ loanword lobb lobbyist + lobe lobster lobule lobulet @@ -13031,11 +13194,13 @@ loincloth loin lollipop + Lombard Londoner Londonwom loneliness loner longboat + longbow longevit longing longitude @@ -13053,6 +13218,7 @@ loquaciousness lord lord

ofthemanorofthemanor

 + lordship ord'sprayer lore lorrydriver @@ -13069,7 +13235,6 @@ lotter lotto lotus -loud-speaker loudspeaker lounge loupe @@ -13100,6 +13265,7 @@ lumbago lumber lumberyard + lumen luminance luminar luminescence @@ -13130,6 +13296,7 @@ lux luxur lychee + lymphedema lymph lymphocyte lymphoma @@ -13144,6 +13311,7 @@ lyricist macaque macaroni + Macedonian mace maceration machete @@ -13191,6 +13359,7 @@ magnetochemistry magnetometer magnetosphere + magnetron magnification magnificence magnifico @@ -13242,6 +13411,7 @@ malaise malaria Malay + Malaysian malcontent maleanimal malefactor @@ -13248,6 +13418,7 @@ male malevolence malformation + malfunction Malian malice maliciousness @@ -13306,7 +13477,6 @@ manometer manor manpower -manservant mansion manslaughter manstudies @@ -13314,6 +13484,7 @@ mantelpiece mantissa mantle + mantra manual manufacture manufacturer @@ -13320,6 +13491,7 @@ manufacturing manure manuscript + Manx Maoism map maple @@ -13498,10 +13670,12 @@ medium medlar medley + medulla meeting meeting-place meetingroom megabit + megafauna megahertz megakaryocyte megalith @@ -13519,6 +13693,7 @@ melanin melanocyte melanoma + melee melisma mellowness melodiousness @@ -13566,6 +13741,7 @@ menthol mentor menu + mercantilism mercenar merchandise merchandising @@ -13621,6 +13797,7 @@ meter methacrylate methadone + methamphetamine methane methanol methionine @@ -13651,6 +13828,7 @@ microbiology microcephal microchip + microcode microcomputer microcontroller microcosm @@ -13659,6 +13837,7 @@ microfilament microgravit microinjection + micrometer microminiaturisation microminiaturization micronucle @@ -13692,6 +13871,7 @@ midwinter mien migraine + migrant migration mildew mildness @@ -13884,6 +14064,7 @@ mocker mocker mockingbird + modafinil modalit mode modelfactor @@ -13945,6 +14126,7 @@ moneme monetarism mon + Mongolian mongoose moniker monism @@ -13952,6 +14134,7 @@ monitoring monkey monk + monoamine monocle monocotyledon monoculture @@ -13960,6 +14143,7 @@ monogam monoglot monogram + monograph monolingualism monolith monologue @@ -13982,6 +14166,7 @@ monsoon monster monstrosit + montage month monthl monthlyreview @@ -14022,6 +14207,7 @@ morpheme morph morphine + morphism morpholog morphophonolog morse @@ -14046,7 +14232,6 @@ motherboard motherhood mother -mother-in-law mother

-in-law-in-law

 mothertongue moth @@ -14075,7 +14260,6 @@ mound mountainbike mountainclimber -

mountain-climbermountain climber

 mountaineer mountaineering mountain @@ -14140,6 +14324,7 @@ multiplicit multiprocessor multitude + multiverse mumbling mum mummification @@ -14230,7 +14415,9 @@ namespace nannystate nanny-state + nanoparticle nanotechnolog + nanotube napalm nape napkin @@ -14258,7 +14445,6 @@ nationalchief

ofpoliceofpolice

 nationalcitizen Nationalgaller -NationalHighCourt NationalInsurance nationalisation nationalism @@ -14308,6 +14494,7 @@ neckline necktie necropol + necros nectar nectarine need @@ -14416,6 +14603,7 @@ NewYear'sEve NewYorker NewZealander + nexus icaraguan niceness nicesmell @@ -14427,6 +14615,7 @@ nicotine niece igerian + nigger night

beforebefore

 nightclothes nightclub @@ -14441,8 +14630,10 @@ nil nimbus ninepins + ninja niobium nipple + nirvana niter nitrate nitride @@ -14485,6 +14676,7 @@ non-smoker non-smoking nontronite + nonviolence noodle noon noose @@ -14521,7 +14713,6 @@ notebook note notepad -note-paper notepaper nothing nothingness @@ -14558,6 +14749,7 @@ nudit nugget nuisance + nullification nullit numbering number @@ -14567,7 +14759,6 @@ number

ofpiecesofpieces

 number

ofvisitorsofvisitors

 numberplate -numberplate numbness numerac numeral @@ -14736,6 +14927,7 @@ olive oliveoil olivetree + olivine olympiad ombudsm omelette @@ -14769,14 +14961,15 @@ openinghours opening openingtime + openness operahouse opera operand -operatingcapacit operatingsystem operation operator operculum + operetta ophthalmia ophthalmitis ophthalmologist @@ -14783,6 +14976,7 @@ ophthalmology ophthalmoscope opinion + opioid opium opponent opportunism @@ -14834,6 +15028,7 @@ ordinar ordinaryp ordination + ordnance ordure oregano organicism @@ -14862,6 +15057,7 @@ originator origin ornamentation + ornament ornithologist ornithology orogen @@ -14893,6 +15089,7 @@ ostiole ostracism ostrich + otaku otalgia otherworldliness otorhinolaryngolog @@ -14951,6 +15148,7 @@ overlapping overlay overlord + overlordship overpass overpopulation overpressure @@ -14967,6 +15165,7 @@ overthrust overtime overtone + overture overvaluation overview overvoltage @@ -14980,6 +15179,7 @@ ownership Oxfordstreet oxidant + oxidase oxidation oxide oxidoreductase @@ -15054,6 +15254,8 @@ palazz paleogeograph paleolithic + paleontologist + paleontolog alestinian palestra palette @@ -15067,7 +15269,6 @@ palmistr PalmSunday palmtree -palm-tree palpation palpitation pals @@ -15080,6 +15281,7 @@ pancreas panda pandemia + pandemic pandemoni panegyric paneling @@ -15121,7 +15323,6 @@ parable parabola paraboloid -paracetamol parachute parachuting parachutist @@ -15129,6 +15330,7 @@ paradigm paradise paradox + paraffin parage paragraph araguayan @@ -15137,6 +15339,7 @@ paralla parallelepiped parallelism + parallelogram paralys paramagnetism parameter @@ -15163,7 +15366,6 @@ parentcompan parenthes parenthood -parent-in-law parent

-in-law-in-law

 parent paresthesia @@ -15200,6 +15402,7 @@ parser parsimoniousness parsimon + parsing parsley partialit participant @@ -15362,6 +15565,7 @@ peduncle peel peephole + peerage peer peg pegmatite @@ -15402,6 +15606,7 @@ pepper peppermint pepsin + peptidoglycan perambulation percentage percent @@ -15525,7 +15730,6 @@ petrolpump petrolsales petrolstation -petrol-station petroltank petticoat pettiness @@ -15582,11 +15786,13 @@ phonendoscope phonetics phonogram + phonograph phonolog phosphate phosphine phospholipid phosphorescence + phosphor phosphor phosphorylation photoalbum @@ -15608,6 +15814,7 @@ photomontage photon photoreceiver + photosphere photosynthes phototransistor phototype @@ -15614,7 +15821,11 @@ photo-voltaics phrase phraseolog + phrenolog + phylogen + phylum physicaleducation + physicalism physicallaw physic physicist @@ -15701,6 +15912,7 @@ pinnacle pinsandneedles pint + pinyin pioneer piousness pipe @@ -15722,6 +15934,7 @@ pith pit pittance + pituitar pity pivoting pivot @@ -15760,6 +15973,7 @@ plankton planner planning + plantain plantation planter plantigrade @@ -15773,6 +15987,7 @@ plasterer plaster plastic + plasticit plastid plastification plateau @@ -15799,6 +16014,7 @@ playmate play

onwordsonwords

 playwright + plaza pleading plea pleasantness @@ -15835,6 +16051,7 @@ plumage plumber plumber + plume plum plum-pudding plum-tree @@ -15859,8 +16076,6 @@ pocket-comb pocket pocketkni -pocket-kni -pocketkni pocket-mon pocketwatch pock @@ -15895,11 +16110,8 @@ polarograph polecat pole - Pole polemic -

Pole Pole-

 policecar -police-car police-force policeinspector police @@ -15925,6 +16137,7 @@ politics politisation polit + polka pollen pollination pollinator @@ -15967,6 +16180,7 @@ polytheism polytheist polythene + polytope polyurethane pomegranate pomp @@ -15975,6 +16189,7 @@ pondering pond pontif + pontiff pontificate pontoon pon @@ -16006,6 +16221,7 @@ porcelain porch porcupine + pore pork porkloin porkshoulder @@ -16017,6 +16233,7 @@ porphyriticigneousrock porpoise porridge + portabilit portage portal portcullis @@ -16110,7 +16327,6 @@ practicalit practice practicesection -

practise practice

 practitioner praeses praetorium @@ -16193,7 +16409,9 @@ preparation preparedness prepayment + preponderance preposition + prequel preregistration prerequisite prerogative @@ -16344,6 +16562,7 @@ professorship proficienc profile + profiling Prof. prof profitabilit @@ -16375,6 +16594,7 @@ projection projectionist project + projector prolapse proletarian proletarianisation @@ -16384,6 +16604,7 @@ prologue prolongation promenade + promethium prominence promiscuit promise @@ -16461,6 +16682,7 @@ protectionism protection

ofspeciesofspecies

 protectorate + protégé protein proteinuria rotestantism @@ -16500,6 +16722,7 @@ pruder prudishness prune + Prussian pr psalm psalmist @@ -16524,6 +16747,7 @@ psychotechnics psychotherap psychrometer + pterosaur pterygium ptyalin pub @@ -16626,6 +16850,8 @@ pyramid pyranometer pyrenoid + pyridine + pyrimidine pyrite pyromaniac pyromania @@ -16733,6 +16959,7 @@ radication radicle radioactivit + radiocarbon radiocommunication radiograph radio @@ -16789,6 +17016,7 @@ rall ramadan rambler + ramen ramification ram rampage @@ -16800,6 +17028,7 @@ rancor randomisation randomization + randomness range range

ofarticlesofarticles

 range

ofdistributionofdistribution

 @@ -16819,6 +17048,7 @@ rapture rarebit rarefaction + rarit rascal rashness raspberr @@ -16858,6 +17088,7 @@ reactor readabilit reader + readership readiness reading readingmatter @@ -16898,6 +17129,7 @@ rebound rebuilding rebuke + rebuttal recantation recapitalization receipt @@ -16924,6 +17156,7 @@ reclamation recluse recognition + recollection recombination recommendation recompense @@ -16975,6 +17208,7 @@ redfox redirection Red + rediscover redistribution redlight redness @@ -16984,6 +17218,7 @@ redtape reduction

forchildrenforchildren

 reduction + reductionism redundance redundanc redwine @@ -17010,6 +17245,7 @@ reflectance reflection reflectiveness + reflectivit reflex reflexivit reflexolog @@ -17035,6 +17271,7 @@ refurbishment refusal refuse + refutation regalia regalism regard @@ -17062,6 +17299,7 @@ registrar registration registration

ofnewvehiclesofnewvehicles

 + registr regression regret regrouping @@ -17111,6 +17349,7 @@ relic relief religion + religiosit religiouscommunit religiousness relish @@ -17123,9 +17362,11 @@ remark remarriage remed + remembrance reminder reminiscence remittance + remnant remobilization remodeling remodelling @@ -17211,6 +17452,7 @@ request requiem requirement + requisite requisition resale rescheduling @@ -17244,6 +17486,7 @@ resilienc resin resistance + resistivit resistor resolution resolve @@ -17336,6 +17579,7 @@ revision revisionism revitalisation + revitalization revival revocation revolt @@ -17393,6 +17637,7 @@ rifle riflem rift + righteousness righthander righthand right @@ -17453,6 +17698,7 @@ robin robot robustness + rockabill rocket rockingchair rock @@ -17476,6 +17722,7 @@ omanianspeaker romanization oman + Romansh romanticism romper romp @@ -17544,6 +17791,7 @@ rubella rubidium rub + ruble rubric rub rucksack @@ -17571,7 +17819,6 @@ rum rum rump -rump-steak runaway rune run @@ -17589,7 +17836,6 @@ ruralit ruralization rushhour -rush-hour rush ussian ussianpresident @@ -17679,6 +17925,7 @@ salting salt saltshaker + saltwater saltworks salubrit salvage @@ -17705,6 +17952,7 @@ sandm sandpaper sandpiper + sandstone sandstorm sandwich sangria @@ -17724,6 +17972,7 @@ sarcoplasm sardana sardine + Sardinian sari Sarkozyism sassafras @@ -17777,6 +18026,7 @@ scab scaffolding scaffold + scalabilit scale scallion scallop @@ -17844,7 +18094,6 @@ schoolteacher schooltime schooluniform -school-uniform schoolyard schooner sciencefiction @@ -17859,6 +18108,7 @@ scoop scooter scope + scoreboard scorecard score scorer @@ -17867,6 +18117,7 @@ scorpion Scotchwhisk Scot + ScotsGaelic Scotsm cotspine cotswom @@ -17946,7 +18197,6 @@ seasonalit season seatbelt -seat-belt seat

inaboxinabox

 seat seat

ofthetrousersofthetrousers

 @@ -18089,6 +18339,7 @@ sense sense

ofproportionofproportion

 sense

ofwell-beingofwell-being

 + sensibilit sensitisation sensitivit sensor @@ -18120,6 +18371,7 @@ sequencer sequestration seraph + Serbian serenit serfdom sergeant @@ -18170,6 +18422,7 @@ severit sewage sewerage + sewer sewing sewingmachine sewing-machine @@ -18190,6 +18443,7 @@ shaking shallot shallowness + shaman shamanism shambles shame @@ -18206,6 +18460,7 @@ shareholding share

inthecostsinthecosts

 share + shareware sharia sharing shark @@ -18275,8 +18530,7 @@ shoelace shoemaker shoeshop -shoe-shop - shoeshop + shogunate shooter shooting shoot @@ -18285,7 +18539,6 @@ shop shop-girl shopkeeper -

shop-keepershopkeeper

 shoplifter shoplifting shopper @@ -18344,6 +18597,7 @@ shuttle sibilantconsonant sibling + Sicilian sickbed sickle sickness @@ -18383,6 +18637,7 @@ signpost silage silence + Silesian silhouette silica silicate @@ -18430,6 +18685,7 @@ singlet singular singularit + Sinhalese sin sinking sink @@ -18444,7 +18700,6 @@ sir sirocco sisal -sister-in-law sister

-in-law-in-law

 sister sitar @@ -18557,6 +18812,9 @@ slot-machine slotmachine slough + Slovak + Slovene + Slovenian slowdown slowness slowpoke @@ -18573,6 +18831,7 @@ smallpox smalltalk smalltown + smartphone smash smear smegma @@ -18667,6 +18926,7 @@ sodium sodom sofa + softball softbreeze softdrink softener @@ -18716,6 +18976,7 @@ sommelier somnambulism sonar + sonata songbird songbook songbook @@ -18722,7 +18983,6 @@ song songster songstress -son-in-law son

-in-law-in-law

 son sonnet @@ -18745,6 +19005,7 @@ sore soreness sorethroat + sorghum sorrel sorrow sorter @@ -18792,6 +19053,7 @@ sow soya soybean + soy spacecraft space space

ofthegardenofthegarden

 @@ -18833,7 +19095,6 @@ specialization speciallicense specialstatus -

specialtspecialit

 speciation species species

offishoffish

 @@ -18917,6 +19178,7 @@ spittle spittoon spleen + splendor splendour splenomegal splinter @@ -18966,7 +19228,6 @@ spreadsheet spree sprig -spring-board springboard springday springflower @@ -18986,6 +19247,7 @@ sput spyglass sp + spyware squab squad squadron @@ -19001,6 +19263,7 @@ squareroot squashcourt squash + squat squatter squeal squeamishness @@ -19047,6 +19310,7 @@ stallion stall stalwart + stamina stammering stampalbum stampcollection @@ -19112,6 +19376,7 @@ steam steamlocomotive steamroller + steamship steatite steelbeam steelindustr @@ -19150,6 +19415,7 @@ stereotype sterilisation sterilit + sterilization sterilizer sterling stern @@ -19156,6 +19422,7 @@ sternness sternum steroid + stethoscope stewardess steward stewardship @@ -19197,7 +19464,6 @@ stoicism stoic stolidness -stomach-ache stomachache stomachache stomach @@ -19344,6 +19610,7 @@ subchannel subclass subcommittee + subconscious subconsciousness subcontinent subcontract @@ -19367,6 +19634,8 @@ subjunctive subjunctivemood sublease + sublimation + submachinegun submarine submatri submission @@ -19404,6 +19673,7 @@ substrate substrat substring + subsystem subterfuge subtitle subtraction @@ -19410,6 +19680,7 @@ subtrahend subtree subtype + subunit suburbanite suburb subvention @@ -19435,6 +19706,7 @@ suffrage Sufism sugarcane + sugarcane sugar suggestion suicide @@ -19445,6 +19717,8 @@ suit suitor sulfanilamide + sulfate + sulfide sulfur sulk sulphate @@ -19451,6 +19725,7 @@ sulphide sulphur sultanate + sultan sultriness umerian sum @@ -19496,6 +19771,8 @@ supercharging superciliousness supercomputer +superconductivit + supercontinent superelevation superficialit superfluid @@ -19562,6 +19839,7 @@ surveillance survey surveyor + survivabilit survival survivor susceptance @@ -19570,6 +19848,7 @@ sushi suspect suspender + suspense suspensionbridge suspension suspicion @@ -19578,10 +19857,13 @@ sustenance sustentation suture + suzeraint swag swallow + swamp swan swansong + swarm swastika swatch swath @@ -19609,7 +19891,6 @@ swimming swimmingmatch swimmingpool -swimming-pool swimmingtrunks swimsuit swindler @@ -19629,6 +19910,7 @@ swordsm swordsmanship sycophant + syllabar syllable syllogism sylviculture @@ -19661,6 +19943,7 @@ syndic syndrome synerg + synod synonym synonymit synops @@ -19706,6 +19989,8 @@ taenia tag tagline + taiga + taiko tailback tail tailor @@ -19715,6 +20000,7 @@ takeaway take-off takeoff + takeover taker taking taking

ofhostageofhostage

 @@ -19755,6 +20041,7 @@ tarantula targetgroup target + tariff tar tarot tarpaulin @@ -19792,6 +20079,7 @@ taxirank taxistand taxoffice + taxon taxonom taxpayer taxsystem @@ -19801,7 +20089,6 @@ teachertrainingcollege teaching teachingmaterial - teacup teahouse tea teak @@ -19814,7 +20101,6 @@ teamwork teamwork tea-part - tea-pot teapot tearfulness tear @@ -19845,7 +20131,6 @@ tediousness tedium tee -teen-ager teenager teetotalism Teflon @@ -19872,6 +20157,8 @@ telephonenumber telephonist telephon + teleportation + teleprinter teleprocessing telescope teleshopping @@ -19881,7 +20168,6 @@ televisionbroadcast television televisionset -television-set teleworking tel teller @@ -19947,6 +20233,7 @@ terracehouse terrace terracing + terracotta terrain terrine territorialit @@ -19968,7 +20255,9 @@ testosterone tetanus tether + tetrahedra tetrarch + tetroxide textbook textile text @@ -19996,11 +20285,14 @@ theodolite theologian theology + theorem + theorist theorization theor theosoph therapeutics therap + theremin thermalcapacit thermistor thermocouple @@ -20045,6 +20337,7 @@ threshold thriftiness thrift + thriller thrill throat thrombin @@ -20076,12 +20369,12 @@ thymecthom thyme thyroxine + Tibetan tibia tic ticker ticketcollector ticket -ticket-office tide tidemark tidiness @@ -20102,6 +20395,7 @@ time timekeeper timelessness + timeline timeliness timemachine time

ofarrivalofarrival

 @@ -20141,6 +20435,7 @@ titin tit title + titular titularit tizz toadfla @@ -20288,6 +20583,7 @@ track tracksuit traction + tract tractordriver tractor tradefair @@ -20307,10 +20603,12 @@ traged tragicomed trailer + trail trainee trainer training train + trait traitor traitress trajector @@ -20392,6 +20690,7 @@ travelogue travel

throughtimethroughtime

 travel

toAfricatoAfrica

 + traversal travest trawler trawlingnet @@ -20428,6 +20727,7 @@ tress trestle triacylglyceride + triad triage trial triallawyer @@ -20466,7 +20766,9 @@ trinomial triode trio + trioxide trip

abroadabroad

 + triphosphate trip triple triplet @@ -20526,6 +20828,7 @@ trunk truss trustee + trusteeship trustfulness trustiness trust @@ -20585,6 +20888,7 @@ turnip turn turn

ofthecenturyofthecentury

 + turnout turnover turnsignal turnstile @@ -20596,6 +20900,8 @@ turtle tusk tussock + tutelage + tutor tuxedo TVseries TVset @@ -20634,6 +20940,7 @@ typewriter typhoid typhoon + typhus typification typist typograph @@ -20667,7 +20974,6 @@ unboundedness uncertaint unchangeabilit -uncle-in-law uncle

-in-law-in-law

 uncle uncoiling @@ -20704,6 +21010,7 @@ undervaluation underwear underwood + underworld underwriter undesirabilit undies @@ -20809,6 +21116,8 @@ urbanism urbanit urbanization + Urdu + urea ureter urethra urge @@ -20860,6 +21169,7 @@ vagrant vagueness vale + valence alencian valenc vale

oftearsoftears

 @@ -20923,6 +21233,7 @@ vaudeville vault veal + vector Veda vegetable vegetables @@ -20962,6 +21273,7 @@ ventriloquism venture venue + veracit veranda verbalism verbiage @@ -21047,6 +21359,7 @@ vileness village villager + villain villainousness villainy villa @@ -21054,6 +21367,7 @@ vincamine vindication vinegar + vine vineyard vintage vinyl @@ -21072,6 +21386,7 @@ virilit virolog virtualit + virtualization virtue virtuosity virtuos @@ -21121,9 +21436,11 @@ voiceprint void voile + voivodeship volatilisation volatilit volatilization + volcanism volcano volcanology vole @@ -21249,6 +21566,7 @@ waste wasteland waster + wastewater watchdog watcher watchfulness @@ -21282,6 +21600,7 @@ wattage watt wattle + waveform wavefunction wave wavelength @@ -21301,6 +21620,7 @@ wealth weapon weapon

ofmassdestructionofmassdestruction

 + weaponr weaponsmarket weariness wear @@ -21329,7 +21649,6 @@ weed-killer weedkiller weekday - week-day weekday week-end weekend @@ -21540,7 +21859,6 @@ wood woodland woodnuthatch -wood-pecker woodpecker woodscrew woodsm @@ -21564,6 +21882,7 @@ worker workersunion workers'union + workforce workgroup workhorse workingclass @@ -21668,6 +21987,7 @@ iddish yield yin + yoga yoghourt yogurt yoke @@ -21726,396 +22046,75 @@ zucchini zwieback zygote - - accountabilit - adhesive - airfoil - airplay - ailment - abalone - amenit - app - avail - biopic - capacitance - captioning - compactness - consulship - courthouse - curling - depot - dragoon - drawback - enamel - figurine - firmware - foliage - fugue - genes - groom - heredit - heritabilit - humanoid - hypertext - lacrosse - lobe - multiverse - nigger - ninja - operetta - opioid - ordnance - overlordship - overture - peerage - phonograph - phosphor - phylogen - phylum - physicalism - pinyin - plaza - plume - polytope - pontiff - pore - portabilit - prequel - projector - protégé - radiocarbon - randomness - rarit - rediscover - registr - remembrance - requisite - resistivit - saltwater - scoreboard - sensibilit - shareware - shogunate - smartphone - sonata - soy - spyware - subsystem -superconductivit - supercontinent - suspense - taiko - taxon - triad - appraisal - chaparral - rebuttal - rockabill - acetylene - admixture - adsorption - aikido - anathema - android - antiparticle - antipope - appellation - atheroscleros - backstor - bastion - beacon - biofilm - bulge - cabaret - capoeira - centimeter - centaur - chiralit - chloramphenicol - cladding - cohomolog - computabilit - conduit -consequentialism - cookbook - couscous - decolonization - dehydrogenase - democratization - dreadnought - exclamation - exponentiation - expedient - expressway - femininit - fluenc - freeware - galvanometer - glycerol - graphene - haemophilia - heterosexualit - hexameter - hospitalization -hydroelectricit - hyperthyroidism - hype - traversal - homeostas - hotspot - hydronium - hyphen - hysteres - impediment - impresario - ingenuit - intelligentsia - ironclad - kimono - koto - krill - kurtos - lawrencium - legalization - lifecycle - ligature - lymphedema - magnetron - malfunction - medulla - megafauna - melee - mercantilism - methamphetamine - nanoparticle - nanotube - necros - nexus - nonviolence - olivine - otaku - paleontolog - paraffin - parallelogram - photosphere - phrenolog - pituitar - polka - pyrimidine - ramen - refutation - religiosit - ruble - scalabilit - sewer - softball - splendor - squat - stamina - steamship - sterilization - stethoscope - subconscious - sublimation - survivabilit - swarm - syllabar - teleportation - terracotta - tetrahedra - tetroxide - theremin - trioxide - triphosphate - trusteeship - veracit - virtualization - voivodeship - volcanism - wastewater - confederac - desperation - dioxin - eloquence - epoxyresin - fibros - filesystem - gearbox - hangar - hassium - historicit - yoga - workforce - waveform - weaponr - villain - vector - valence - urea - underworld - turnout - tutor - tract - trail - trait - timeline - titular - thriller - theorist - theorem - tariff - takeover - synod - suzeraint - sultan - sulfate - sulfide - sandstone - remnant - migrant - linguafranca - microcode - modafinil - monoamine - monograph - montage - morphism - openness - parsing - pandemic - oxidase - profiling - pterosaur - pyridine - readership - righteousness - shaman - sorghum - submachinegun - subunit - sugarcane - swamp - taiga - teleprinter - tutelage - typhus - vine - chipset - codec - deacon - encoder - euphonium - flare - glyph - adoptee - abolitionist - agarose - airbase - airlift - airspeed - analyzer - animator - annealing - antiquarian - arbiter - arcsecond - augmentation - aviator - ayahuasca - baryon - battlecruiser - beryl - bipedalism - biplane - bitrate - brevit - cantata - capitulation - carotene - chroma - churchyard - countdown - creationist - crisp - cultivar - cyan - degenerac - desegregation - discontinuation - disjunction - disulfide - editorship - endpoint - episcopate - essentialism - ester - exoplanet - fealt - frenz - futilit - fundraiser - fullerene - fuze - gerrymandering - haplogroup - hexafluoride - indulgence - informant - kabuki - kayak - lapislazuli - longbow - lordship - lumen - mantra - micrometer - nirvana - nullification - ornament - paleontologist - peptidoglycan - plantain - plasticit - preponderance - promethium - recollection - reflectivit - reductionism - revitalization - Ainu - Akkadian - Arabic - Aztec - Bengali - Burmese - Cantonese - Croatian - Estonian - Etruscan - IrishGaelic - ScotsGaelic - Georgian - Hawaiian - Hindi - Hittite - Indonesian - Lombard - Macedonian - Malaysian - Manx - Mongolian - Prussian - Romansh - Sardinian - Serbian - Sicilian - Silesian - Sinhalese - Slovak - Slovene - Slovenian - Tibetan - Urdu +

archeologyarchaeology

 + backdoor + ball-pen +boy-friend + craft +dance-hall +drivinglicense +

Dr. Dr

 + fiancee +filling-station +

flashlighttorch

 +Frenchfr +

gamma-ray gamma ray

 + genre + gig +holiday-maker +horse-racing +

hr hour

 + imitator +income-tax +

Jack-in-the-Boxjack-in-the-box

 +

jalapeno jalapeño

 + ladybird + ladybug + lift-boy +lip-stick +loud-speaker +manservant +

mountain-climbermountain climber

 +note-paper +numberplate +palm-tree +paracetamol +petrol-station +pocket-kni +pocketkni + Pole +police-car +

practise practice

 +rump-steak +rush-hour +school-uniform +seat-belt +shoe-shop + shoeshop +

shop-keepershopkeeper

 +

specialtspecialit

 +spring-board +stomach-ache +swimming-pool + teacup + tea-pot +teen-ager +television-set +ticket-office + week-day +wood-pecker +brother-in-law +butcher's +daughter-in-law +father-in-law +mother-in-law +NationalHighCourt +operatingcapacit +parent-in-law +

Pole Pole-

 +sister-in-law +son-in-law +uncle-in-law Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/aizkolaritza1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/aizkolaritza1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/aizkolaritza1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,1062 @@ +^Aizkolaritza/*Aizkolaritza$ +^is/be$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^name/name$ +^for/for$ +^a/a$ +^type/type$ +^of/of$ +^wood/wood$ +^-/-$ +^chopping/*chopping$ +^competition/competition$ +^./.$ + +^They/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^a/a$ +^popular/popular$ +^form/form$ +^of/of$ +^herri/*herri$ +^kirol/*kirol$ +^(/($ +^rural/rural$ +^sport/sport$ +^)/)$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^Country/country$ +^./.$ + +^Competitions/competition$ +^are/be$ +^commonly/commonly$ +^held/hold$ +^at/at$ +^most/most$ +^festivals/festival$ +^,/,$ +^especially/especially$ +^town/town$ +^festivals/festival$ +^and/and$ +^usually/usually$ +^involve/involve$ +^at/at$ +^least/least$ +^two/two$ +^individuals/individual$ +^or/or$ +^teams/team$ +^competing/compete$ +^against/against$ +^each/each$ +^other/other$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^sections/section$ +^of/of$ +^trunk/trunk$ +^are/be$ +^usually/usually$ +^beech/*beech$ +^without/without$ +^visible/visible$ +^knots/knot$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^forests/forest$ +^of/of$ +^Navarre/*Navarre$ +^./.$ + +^For/for$ +^competitions/competition$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^trunk/trunk$ +^sections/section$ +^closest/close$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^roots/root$ +^or/or$ +^branches/branch$ +^are/be$ +^used/use$ +^as/as$ +^they/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^of/of$ +^less/less$ +^value/value$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^timber/timber$ +^industry/industry$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^trunks/trunk$ +^are/be$ +^categorised/*categorised$ +^according/according$ +^to/to$ +^their/their$ +^circumference/circumference$ +^using/use$ +^an/a$ +^old/old$ +^Basque/basque$ +^measure/measure$ +^called/call$ +^ontza/*ontza$ +^,/,$ +^equivalent/equivalent$ +^to/to$ +^0.0254/0.0254$ +^m/*m$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^oinbetekoa/*oinbetekoa$ +^,/,$ +^80/80$ +^ontza/*ontza$ +^,/,$ +^kanakoa/*kanakoa$ +^and/and$ +^bigger/big$ +^ones/one$ +^are/be$ +^often/often$ +^used/use$ +^in/in$ +^wagers/*wagers$ +^;/;$ +^the/the$ +^kanaerdikoa/*kanaerdikoa$ +^,/,$ +^60/60$ +^ontza/*ontza$ +^and/and$ +^oinbikoa/*oinbikoa$ +^most/most$ +^commonly/commonly$ +^in/in$ +^bigger/big$ +^competitions/competition$ +^and/and$ +^arranged/arrange$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^row/row$ +^,/,$ +^each/each$ +^nailed/nail$ +^to/to$ +^planks/*planks$ +^for/for$ +^stability/stability$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^axes/axe$ +^are/be$ +^between/between$ +^2.4/2.4$ +^and/and$ +^2.8/2.8$ +^kg/kg$ +^heavy/heavy$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^rounded/round$ +^blade/blade$ +^and/and$ +^each/each$ +^aizkolari/*aizkolari$ +^uses/use$ +^a/a$ +^number/number$ +^of/of$ +^them/prpers$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^competition/competition$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^logs/log$ +^are/be$ +^between/between$ +^0.5/0.5$ +^-/-$ +^0.8/0.8$ +^m/*m$ +^long/long$ +^for/for$ +^competitions/competition$ +^where/where$ +^one/one$ +^aizkolari/*aizkolari$ +^stands/stand$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^log/log$ +^and/and$ +^between/between$ +^0.8/0.8$ +^-/-$ +^1.2/1.2$ +^m/*m$ +^long/long$ +^for/for$ +^competitions/competition$ +^where/where$ +^two/two$ +^stand/stand$ +^on/on$ +^it/prpers$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^competitions/competition$ +^are/be$ +^usually/usually$ +^a/a$ +^race/race$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^finish/finish$ +^by/by$ +^however/however$ +^many/many$ +^individual/individual$ +^competitors/competitor$ +^there/there$ +^are/be$ +^but/but$ +^occasionally/occasionally$ +^they/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^done/do$ +^txandetan/*txandetan$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^relays/relay$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^two/two$ +^aizkolaris/*aizkolaris$ +^form/form$ +^a/a$ +^team/team$ +^and/and$ +^relieve/relieve$ +^the/the$ +^other/other$ +^once/once$ +^a/a$ +^trunk/trunk$ +^has/have$ +^been/be$ +^chopped/*chopped$ +^through/through$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^focus/focus$ +^is/be$ +^more/more$ +^on/on$ +^stamina/*stamina$ +^than/than$ +^speed/speed$ +^compared/compare$ +^to/to$ +^other/other$ +^wood/wood$ +^-/-$ +^chopping/*chopping$ +^events/event$ +^outside/outside$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^Country/country$ +^and/and$ +^most/most$ +^competitions/competition$ +^last/last$ +^half/half$ +^an/a$ +^hour/hour$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^very/very$ +^least/least$ +^but/but$ +^normally/normally$ +^more/more$ +^than/than$ +^an/a$ +^hour/hour$ +^./.$ + +^They/prpers$ +^can/can$ +^be/be$ +^held/hold$ +^with/with$ +^each/each$ +^aizkolari/*aizkolari$ +^having/have$ +^two/two$ +^helpers/*helpers$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^botilero/*botilero$ +^(/($ +^botillero/*botillero$ +^in/in$ +^Spanish/Spanish$ +^)/)$ +^holds/hold$ +^the/the$ +^towel/towel$ +^and/and$ +^brings/bring$ +^new/new$ +^axes/axe$ +^./.$ +^The/the$ +^prestatzaile/*prestatzaile$ +^(/($ +^enseñador/*enseñador$ +^in/in$ +^Spanish/Spanish$ +^)/)$ +^checks/check$ +^the/the$ +^two/two$ +^halves/half$ +^are/be$ +^fully/fully$ +^separated/separate$ +^(/($ +^they/prpers$ +^sometimes/sometimes$ +^appear/appear$ +^to/to$ +^have/have$ +^but/but$ +^are/be$ +^still/still$ +^connected/connect$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^dictates/dictate$ +^the/the$ +^rhythm/rhythm$ +^and/and$ +^indicates/indicate$ +^where/where$ +^best/good$ +^to/to$ +^hit/hit$ +^next/next$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^a/a$ +^famous/famous$ +^competition/competition$ +^held/hold$ +^in/in$ +^1983/1983$ +^in/in$ +^Tolosa/*Tolosa$ +^,/,$ +^two/two$ +^aizkolaris/*aizkolaris$ +^called/call$ +^Jose Mari/Jose Mari$ +^Mendizabal/*Mendizabal$ +^and/and$ +^Mikel/Mikel$ +^Mindegi/*Mindegi$ +^had/have$ +^a/a$ +^wager/*wager$ +^to/to$ +^chop/chop$ +^six/six$ +^110/110$ +^ontza/*ontza$ +^trunks/trunk$ +^and/and$ +^52/52$ +^kanaerdikoa/*kanaerdikoa$ +^(/($ +^a/a$ +^total/total$ +^of/of$ +^100/100$ +^kanaerdi/*kanaerdi$ +^)/)$ +^each/each$ +^in/in$ +^less/less$ +^than/than$ +^5/5$ +^hours/hour$ +^./.$ + +^Mendizabal/*Mendizabal$ +^won/win$ +^the/the$ +^competition/competition$ +^and/and$ +^2/2$ +^million/million$ +^pesetas/peseta$ +^taking/take$ +^just/just$ +^4:12/4:12$ +^hrs/*hrs$ +^,/,$ +^Mindegi/*Mindegi$ +^4:29/4:29$ +^hrs/*hrs$ +^./.$ + +^But/but$ +^the/the$ +^most/most$ +^famous/famous$ +^aizkolari/*aizkolari$ +^was/be$ +^probably/probably$ +^a/a$ +^man/man$ +^nicknamed/nickname$ +^Santa/Santa$ +^Ageda/*Ageda$ +^who/who$ +^competed/compete$ +^in/in$ +^an/a$ +^epic/epic$ +^event/event$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^bullring/*bullring$ +^of/of$ +^Azpeitia/*Azpeitia$ +^in/in$ +^1903/1903$ +^./.$ + +^Many/many$ +^aizkolariak/*aizkolariak$ +^compete/compete$ +^into/into$ +^high/high$ +^age/age$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^1900/1900$ +^,/,$ +^Augustin/Augustin$ +^Unanue/Unanue$ +^who/who$ +^was/be$ +^aged/age$ +^75/75$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^time/time$ +^,/,$ +^famously/*famously$ +^chopped/*chopped$ +^a/a$ +^log/log$ +^of/of$ +^1/1$ +^m/m$ +^diameter/diameter$ +^in/in$ +^4/4$ +^hours/hour$ +^./.$ + +^Famous/famous$ +^competitions/competition$ +^often/often$ +^lead/lead$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^composition/composition$ +^of/of$ +^bertsos/*bertsos$ +^in/in$ +^honour/honour$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^event/event$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^most/most$ +^important/important$ +^modern/modern$ +^day/day$ +^competition/competition$ +^is/be$ +^probably/probably$ +^the/the$ +^Urrezko/*Urrezko$ +^Aizkora/*Aizkora$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +" +^golden/golden$ +^axe/axe$ +" +^competition/competition$ +^where/where$ +^the/the$ +^best/good$ +^aizkolaris/*aizkolaris$ +^from/from$ +^all/all$ +^over/over$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^Country/country$ +^compete/compete$ +^against/against$ +^each/each$ +^other/other$ +^individually/individually$ +^or/or$ +^in/in$ +^pairs/pair$ +^./.$ + +^There/there$ +^are/be$ +^several/several$ +^categories/category$ +^,/,$ +^including/include$ +^two/two$ +^junior/junior$ +^competitions/competition$ +^for/for$ +^people/person$ +^under/under$ +^the/the$ +^age/age$ +^of/of$ +^23/23$ +^and/and$ +^18/18$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^competitions/competition$ +^are/be$ +^held/hold$ +^in/in$ +^different/different$ +^places/place$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^Country/country$ +^over/over$ +^a/a$ +^period/period$ +^of/of$ +^two/two$ +^months/month$ +^to/to$ +^establish/establish$ +^a/a$ +^winner/winner$ +^./.$ + +^Held/hold$ +^since/since$ +^1997/1997$ +^,/,$ +^it/prpers$ +^has/have$ +^been/be$ +^held/hold$ +^annually/annually$ +^since/since$ +^./.$ + +^Other/other$ +^important/important$ +^competitions/competition$ +^are/be$ +^the/the$ +^Donostiako/*Donostiako$ +^Urrezko/*Urrezko$ +^Kopako/*Kopako$ +^(/($ +" +^golden/golden$ +^cup/cup$ +^of/of$ +^San/*San$ +^Sebastián/Sebastián$ +" +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Euskal/*Euskal$ +^Herriko/*Herriko$ +^Lehen/*Lehen$ +^Maila/Maila$ +^(/($ +" +^premier/premier$ +^league/league$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^Country/country$ +" +^)/)$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^provincial/provincial$ +^competitions/competition$ +^./.$ + +^Normally/normally$ +^the/the$ +^aizkolaris/*aizkolaris$ +^stand/stand$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^trunk/trunk$ +^sections/section$ +^but/but$ +^there/there$ +^are/be$ +^variations/variation$ +^where/where$ +^they/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^required/require$ +^to/to$ +^chop/chop$ +^a/a$ +^vertical/vertical$ +^tree/tree$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^top/top$ +^called/call$ +^zutiko/*zutiko$ +^enborra/*enborra$ +^or/or$ +" +^upright/upright$ +^trunk/trunk$ +" +^./.$ + +^This/this$ +^is/be$ +^achieved/achieve$ +^by/by$ +^chopping/*chopping$ +^notches/notch$ +^into/into$ +^the/the$ +^trunk/trunk$ +^into/into$ +^which/which$ +^the/the$ +^aizkolari/*aizkolari$ +^inserts/insert$ +^a/a$ +^plank/*plank$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^then/then$ +^stands/stand$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^plank/*plank$ +^to/to$ +^reach/reach$ +^higher/high$ +^up/up$ +^,/,$ +^working/work$ +^his/his$ +^way/way$ +^around/around$ +^the/the$ +^trunk/trunk$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^spiral/spiral$ +^until/until$ +^he/prpers$ +^can/can$ +^chop/chop$ +^the/the$ +^top/top$ +^section/section$ +^./.$ +^The/the$ +^trunks/trunk$ +^are/be$ +^up/up$ +^to/to$ +^6/6$ +^m/m$ +^tall/tall$ +^and/and$ +^usually/usually$ +^no/no$ +^safety/safety$ +^equipment/equipment$ +^is/be$ +^used/use$ +^up/up$ +^to/to$ +^that/that$ +^height/height$ +^./.$ + +^There/there$ +^is/be$ +^another/another$ +^variation/variation$ +^combining/combine$ +^the/the$ +^chopping/*chopping$ +^competition/competition$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^race/race$ +^./.$ + +^Traditionally/traditionally$ +^a/a$ +^male/male$ +^dominated/dominate$ +^sport/sport$ +^,/,$ +^women/woman$ +^have/have$ +^begun/begin$ +^to/to$ +^take/take$ +^part/part$ +^in/in$ +^aizkolari/*aizkolari$ +^competitions/competition$ +^in/in$ +^recent/recent$ +^years/year$ +^as/as$ +^they/prpers$ +^have/have$ +^in/in$ +^other/other$ +^traditional/traditional$ +^Basque/basque$ +^sports/sport$ +^,/,$ +^for/for$ +^example/example$ +^Itziar/Itziar$ +^Goenaga/*Goenaga$ +^,/,$ +^Kristina/Kristina$ +^Saralegi/*Saralegi$ +^and/and$ +^Maika/*Maika$ +^Ariztegi/*Ariztegi$ +^./.$ + +^Wood/wood$ +^-/-$ +^chopping/*chopping$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^profession/profession$ +^has/have$ +^a/a$ +^long/long$ +^tradition/tradition$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^Country/country$ +^and/and$ +^has/have$ +^been/be$ +^recorded/record$ +^since/since$ +^medieval/medieval$ +^times/time$ +^when/when$ +^the/the$ +^profession/profession$ +^was/be$ +^important/important$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^local/local$ +^shipbuilding/*shipbuilding$ +^and/and$ +^charcoal/*charcoal$ +^burning/burn$ +^industry/industry$ +^which/which$ +^later/later$ +^also/also$ +^fed/feed$ +^the/the$ +^metal/metal$ +^-/-$ +^working/work$ +^industry/industry$ +^./.$ +^This/this$ +^work/work$ +^was/be$ +^carried/carry$ +^out/out$ +^by/by$ +^small/small$ +^,/,$ +^itinerant/itinerant$ +^groups/group$ +^of/of$ +^men/man$ +^living/live$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^woods/wood$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^youngest/young$ +^and/and$ +^strongest/strong$ +^usually/usually$ +^felling/*felling$ +^the/the$ +^trees/tree$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^older/old$ +^preparing/prepare$ +^the/the$ +^felled/*felled$ +^trees/tree$ +^and/and$ +^building/build$ +^the/the$ +^txondorra/*txondorra$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^mound/*mound$ +^for/for$ +^burning/burn$ +^charcoal/*charcoal$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^these/this$ +^communities/community$ +^,/,$ +^competitions/competition$ +^were/be$ +^common/common$ +^to/to$ +^establish/establish$ +^who/who$ +^the/the$ +^strongest/strong$ +^and/and$ +^fastest/fast$ +^aizkolariak/*aizkolariak$ +^were/be$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^use/use$ +^of/of$ +^large/large$ +^quantities/quantity$ +^of/of$ +^charcoal/*charcoal$ +^as/as$ +^fuel/fuel$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^many/many$ +^foundries/foundry$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Basque/basque$ +^Country/country$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^18th/18$ +^century/century$ +^together/together$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^use/use$ +^of/of$ +^wood/wood$ +^for/for$ +^shipbuilding/*shipbuilding$ +^led/lead$ +^to/to$ +^large/large$ +^areas/area$ +^of/of$ +^woodland/woodland$ +^being/be$ +^cut/cut$ +^down/down$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^time/time$ +^,/,$ +^those/that$ +^country/country$ +^towns/town$ +^and/and$ +^valleys/valley$ +^that/that$ +^were/be$ +^famed/*famed$ +^for/for$ +^their/their$ +^top/top$ +^wood/wood$ +^-/-$ +^cutters/cutter$ +^turned/turn$ +^out/out$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^those/that$ +^that/that$ +^have/have$ +^safeguarded/*safeguarded$ +^the/the$ +^wealth/wealth$ +^of/of$ +^their/their$ +^forests/forest$ +^./.$ + +^As/as$ +^popular/popular$ +^competitions/competition$ +^they/prpers$ +^were/be$ +^not/not$ +^recorded/record$ +^until/until$ +^the/the$ +^19th/19$ +^century/century$ +^./.$ + +^Interestingly/interestingly$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^names/name$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^competitors/competitor$ +^were/be$ +^not/not$ +^recorded/record$ +^but/but$ +^referred/refer$ +^to/to$ +^by/by$ +^their/their$ +^place/place$ +^of/of$ +^origin/origin$ +^or/or$ +^group/group$ +^,/,$ +^for/for$ +^example/example$ +" +^one/one$ +^of/of$ +^Beizama/*Beizama$ +" +^,/,$ +" +^the/the$ +^son/son$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^house/house$ +^of/of$ +^Gorrizu/*Gorrizu$ +" +^,/,$ +" +^the/the$ +^group/group$ +^from/from$ +^Nuarbe/*Nuarbe$ +" +^or/or$ +" +^the/the$ +^one/one$ +^from/from$ +^Beunza/*Beunza$ +^farm/farm$ +" +^./.$ + +^To/to$ +^outsiders/*outsiders$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^early/early$ +^competitions/competition$ +^where/where$ +^known/know$ +^as/as$ +^fiestas/*fiestas$ +^Euskaras/*Euskaras$ +" +^Basque/basque$ +^fiestas/*fiestas$ +" +^./.$ + Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/alabama1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/alabama1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/alabama1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,606 @@ +^In/In$ +^the/the$ +^early/early$ +^part/part$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Civil/Civil$ +^War/War$ +^,/,$ +^Alabama/Alabama$ +^was/be$ +^not/not$ +^the/the$ +^scene/scene$ +^of/of$ +^military operations/military operation$ +^,/,$ +^yet/yet$ +^the/the$ +^state/state$ +^contributed/contribute$ +^about/about$ +^120,000/120,000$ +^men/man$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Confederate/*Confederate$ +^service/service$ +^,/,$ +^practically/practically$ +^all/all$ +^the/the$ +^white/white$ +^population/population$ +^capable/capable$ +^of/of$ +^bearing/bear$ +^arms/arm$ +^./.$ + +^Most/Most$ +^were/be$ +^recruited/*recruited$ +^locally/locally$ +^and/and$ +^served/serve$ +^with/with$ +^men/man$ +^they/prpers$ +^knew/know$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^built/build$ +^esprit/*esprit$ +^and/and$ +^strengthened/strengthen$ +^ties/tie$ +^to/to$ +^home/home$ +^./.$ + +^Medical/Medical$ +^conditions/condition$ +^were/be$ +^severe/severe$ +^./.$ + +^About/About$ +^15%/15%$ +^of/of$ +^fatalities/*fatalities$ +^were/be$ +^from/from$ +^disease/disease$ +^,/,$ +^more than/more than$ +^the/the$ +^10%/10%$ +^from/from$ +^battle/battle$ +^./.$ + +^Alabama/Alabama$ +^had/have$ +^few/few$ +^well/well$ +^-/-$ +^equipped/equip$ +^hospitals/hospital$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^it/prpers$ +^had/have$ +^many/many$ +^women/woman$ +^who/who$ +^volunteered/*volunteered$ +^to/to$ +^nurse/nurse$ +^the/the$ +^sick/sick$ +^and/and$ +^wounded/wound$ +^./.$ + +^Soldiers/Soldier$ +^were/be$ +^poorly/poorly$ +^equipped/equip$ +^,/,$ +^especially/especially$ +^after/after$ +^1863/1863$ +^./.$ + +^Often/Often$ +^they/prpers$ +^pillaged/*pillaged$ +^the/the$ +^dead/dead$ +^for/for$ +^boots/boot$ +^,/,$ +^belts/belt$ +^,/,$ +^canteens/canteen$ +^,/,$ +^blankets/blanket$ +^,/,$ +^hats/hat$ +^,/,$ +^shirts/shirt$ +^and/and$ +^trousers/trousers$ +^./.$ + +^Uncounted/*Uncounted$ +^thousands/thousand$ +^of/of$ +^slaves/slave$ +^worked/work$ +^with/with$ +^Confederate/*Confederate$ +^troops/troop$ +^;/;$ +^they/prpers$ +^took care/take# care$ +^of/of$ +^horses/horse$ +^and/and$ +^equipment/equipment$ +^,/,$ +^cooked/cook$ +^and/and$ +^did/do$ +^laundry/laundry$ +^,/,$ +^hauled/*hauled$ +^supplies/supply$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^helped/help$ +^in/in$ +^field/field$ +^hospitals/hospital$ +^./.$ + +^Other/Other$ +^slaves/slave$ +^built/build$ +^defensive/defensive$ +^installations/installation$ +^,/,$ +^especially/especially$ +^those/that$ +^around/around$ +^Mobile/Mobile$ +^./.$ + +^They/Prpers$ +^graded/*graded$ +^roads/road$ +^,/,$ +^repaired/repair$ +^railways/railway$ +^,/,$ +^drove/drive$ +^supply/supply$ +^wagons/wagon$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^laboured/*laboured$ +^in/in$ +^iron/iron$ +^mines/mine$ +^,/,$ +^iron/iron$ +^foundries/foundry$ +^and/and$ +^even/even$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^munitions/*munitions$ +^factories/factory$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^service/service$ +^of/of$ +^slaves/slave$ +^was/be$ +^involuntary/involuntary$ +^:/:$ +^their/their$ +^unpaid/*unpaid$ +^labour/labour$ +^was/be$ +^impressed/impress$ +^from/from$ +^their/their$ +^unpaid/*unpaid$ +^masters/master$ +^./.$ + +^About/About$ +^10,000/10,000$ +^slaves/slave$ +^escaped/escape$ +^and/and$ +^joined/join$ +^the/the$ +^Union/Union$ +^army/army$ +^,/,$ +^along with/along with$ +^2,700/2,700$ +^white/white$ +^men/man$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^1867/1867$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^congressional/*congressional$ +^plan/plan$ +^of/of$ +^Reconstruction/Reconstruction$ +^was/be$ +^completed/complete$ +^and/and$ +^Alabama/Alabama$ +^was/be$ +^placed/place$ +^under/under$ +^military/military$ +^government/government$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^freedmen/*freedmen$ +^were/be$ +^enrolled/enrol$ +^as/as$ +^voters/voter$ +^./.$ + +^Numerous/Numerous$ +^white/white$ +^citizens/citizen$ +^were/be$ +^temporarily/temporarily$ +^disfranchised/*disfranchised$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^the/the$ +^government/government$ +^suspected/suspect$ +^the/the$ +^loyalty/loyalty$ +^of/of$ +^former/former$ +^Confederates/*Confederates$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^new/new$ +^Republican/Republican$ +^party/party$ +^,/,$ +^made up/make# up$ +^of/of$ +^freedmen/*freedmen$ +^,/,$ +^Union/Union$ +^sympathisers/*sympathisers$ +^(/($ +^scalawags/*scalawags$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^northerners/northerner$ +^who/who$ +^had/have$ +^settled/settle$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^South/South$ +^(/($ +^disparagingly/*disparagingly$ +^called/call$ +^carpetbaggers/*carpetbaggers$ +^)/)$ +^took/take$ +^control/control$ +^two/two$ +^years/year$ +^after/after$ +^the/the$ +^war/war$ +^ended/end$ +^./.$ + +^They/Prpers$ +^called/call$ +^a/a$ +^constitutional/constitutional$ +^convention/convention$ +^in/in$ +^November/November$ +^1867/1867$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^framed/frame$ +^a/a$ +^constitution/constitution$ +^which/which$ +^conferred/confer$ +^universal/universal$ +^manhood/*manhood$ +^suffrage/suffrage$ +^./.$ + +^Whites/White$ +^who/who$ +^had/have$ +^fought/fight$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^Confederacy/*Confederacy$ +^were/be$ +^disfranchised/*disfranchised$ +^for/for$ +^a/a$ +^temporary/temporary$ +^period/period$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^Reconstruction/Reconstruction$ +^Acts/Act$ +^of/of$ +^Congress/Congress$ +^required/require$ +^every/every$ +^new/new$ +^constitution/constitution$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^ratified/ratify$ +^by a majority/by a majority$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^legal/legal$ +^voters/voter$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^state/state$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^whites/white$ +^of/of$ +^Alabama/Alabama$ +^largely/largely$ +^stayed/stay$ +^away/away$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^polls/poll$ +^./.$ + +^After/After$ +^five/five$ +^days/day$ +^of/of$ +^voting/vote$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^constitution/constitution$ +^needed/need$ +^13,550/13,550$ +^to/to$ +^secure/secure$ +^a/a$ +^majority/majority$ +^./.$ + +^Congress/Congress$ +^then/then$ +^enacted/*enacted$ +^that/that$ +^a/a$ +^majority/majority$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^votes/vote$ +^cast/cast$ +^should/should$ +^be/be$ +^sufficient/sufficient$ +^./.$ + +^Thus/Thus$ +^the/the$ +^constitution/constitution$ +^went/go$ +^into/into$ +^effect/effect$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^state/state$ +^was/be$ +^readmitted/*readmitted$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Union/Union$ +^in/in$ +^June/June$ +^1868/1868$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^a/a$ +^new/new$ +^governor/governor$ +^and/and$ +^legislature/legislature$ +^were/be$ +^elected/elect$ +^./.$ + +^While/While$ +^African/african$ +^Americans/American$ +^suffered from/suffer# from$ +^segregation/segregation$ +^after/after$ +^disfranchisement/*disfranchisement$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^state/state$ +^was/be$ +^diminished/diminish$ +^by/by$ +^its/its$ +^deliberate/deliberate$ +^suppression/suppression$ +^of/of$ +^their/their$ +^talents/talent$ +^./.$ + +^From/From$ +^1910/1910$ +^-/-$ +^1940/1940$ +^,/,$ +^tens/ten$ +^of/of$ +^thousands/thousand$ +^of/of$ +^talented/*talented$ +^African/african$ +^Americans/American$ +^migrated/migrate$ +^north/north$ +^from/from$ +^Alabama/Alabama$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Great/Great$ +^Migration/Migration$ +^to/to$ +^seek/seek$ +^jobs/job$ +^,/,$ +^education/education$ +^for/for$ +^their/their$ +^children/child$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^freedom/freedom$ +^from/from$ +^lynching/lynching$ +^in/in$ +^northern/northern$ +^cities/city$ +^,/,$ +^such as/such as$ +^Chicago/Chicago$ +^,/,$ +^Detroit/Detroit$ +^,/,$ +^Cleveland/*Cleveland$ +^,/,$ +^Philadelphia/Philadelphia$ +^and/and$ +^New York/New York$ +^./.$ + +^There/There$ +^they/prpers$ +^built/build$ +^their/their$ +^own/own$ +^businesses/business$ +^,/,$ +^churches/church$ +^and/and$ +^community/community$ +^organisations/organisation$ +^,/,$ +^music/music$ +^and/and$ +^arts/art$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^began/begin$ +^to/to$ +^create/create$ +^a/a$ +^middle/middle$ +^class/class$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^rate/rate$ +^of/of$ +^population/population$ +^growth/growth$ +^in/in$ +^Alabama/Alabama$ +^dropped/drop$ +^from/from$ +^20.8%/20.8%$ +^in/in$ +^1900/1900$ +^and/and$ +^16.9%/16.9%$ +^in/in$ +^1910/1910$ +^,/,$ +^to/to$ +^9.8%/9.8%$ +^in/in$ +^1920/1920$ +^,/,$ +^reflecting/reflect$ +^the/the$ +^impact/impact$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^outmigration/*outmigration$ +^./.$ + +^Disfranchisement/*Disfranchisement$ +^was/be$ +^ended/end$ +^only/only$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^mid/*mid$ +^-/-$ +^1960s/1960s$ +^by/by$ +^African/african$ +^Americans/American$ +^'/'$ +^leading/lead$ +^the/the$ +^Civil/Civil$ +^Rights/Right$ +^Movement/Movement$ +^and/and$ +^gaining/gain$ +^Federal/Federal$ +^legislation/legislation$ +^to/to$ +^protect/protect$ +^their/their$ +^voting/vote$ +^and/and$ +^civil/civil$ +^rights/right$ +^./.$ Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/albedo1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/albedo1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/albedo1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,864 @@ +^Albedo/Albedo$ +^is/be$ +^the/the$ +^diffuse/diffuse$ +^reflectivity/*reflectivity$ +^or/or$ +^reflecting/reflect$ +^power/power$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^surface/surface$ +^./.$ + +^It/Prpers$ +^is/be$ +^the/the$ +^ratio/ratio$ +^of/of$ +^reflected/reflect$ +^radiation/radiation$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^surface/surface$ +^to/to$ +^incident/incident$ +^radiation/radiation$ +^upon/upon$ +^it/prpers$ +^./.$ + +^Its/Its$ +^dimensionless/*dimensionless$ +^nature/nature$ +^lets/let$ +^it/prpers$ +^be/be$ +^expressed/express$ +^as a/as a$ +^percentage/percentage$ +^and/and$ +^is/be$ +^measured/measure$ +^on/on$ +^a/a$ +^scale/scale$ +^from/from$ +^zero/zero$ +^for/for$ +^no/no$ +^reflection/reflection$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^perfectly/perfectly$ +^black/black$ +^surface/surface$ +^to/to$ +^1/1$ +^for/for$ +^perfect/perfect$ +^reflection/reflection$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^white/white$ +^surface/surface$ +^./.$ + +^Albedo/Albedo$ +^depends on/depend# on$ +^the/the$ +^frequency/frequency$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^radiation/radiation$ +^./.$ + +^When/When$ +^quoted/quote$ +^unqualified/*unqualified$ +^,/,$ +^it/prpers$ +^usually/usually$ +^refers/refer$ +^to/to$ +^some/some$ +^appropriate/appropriate$ +^average/average$ +^across/across$ +^the/the$ +^spectrum/spectrum$ +^of/of$ +^visible/visible$ +^light/light$ +^./.$ + +^In general/In general$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^depends on/depend# on$ +^the/the$ +^directional/directional$ +^distribution/distribution$ +^of/of$ +^incident/incident$ +^radiation/radiation$ +^,/,$ +^except for/except for$ +^Lambertian/*Lambertian$ +^surfaces/surface$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^scatter/scatter$ +^radiation/radiation$ +^in/in$ +^all/all$ +^directions/direction$ +^according to/according to$ +^a/a$ +^cosine/*cosine$ +^function/function$ +^and/and$ +^therefore/therefore$ +^have/have$ +^an/a$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^that/that$ +^is/be$ +^independent/independent$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^incident/incident$ +^distribution/distribution$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^practice/practice$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^bidirectional/bidirectional$ +^reflectance/reflectance$ +^distribution/distribution$ +^function/function$ +^(/($ +^BRDF/*BRDF$ +^)/)$ +^may/may$ +^be/be$ +^required/require$ +^to/to$ +^accurately/accurately$ +^characterise/characterise$ +^the/the$ +^scattering/scatter$ +^properties/property$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^surface/surface$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^is/be$ +^very/very$ +^useful/useful$ +^as a/as a$ +^first/first$ +^approximation/approximation$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^is/be$ +^an/a$ +^important/important$ +^concept/concept$ +^in/in$ +^climatology/climatology$ +^,/,$ +^astronomy/astronomy$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^calculating/calculate$ +^reflectivity/*reflectivity$ +^of/of$ +^surfaces/surface$ +^in/in$ +^LEED/*LEED$ +^sustainable/sustainable$ +^-/-$ +^rating/rate$ +^systems/system$ +^for/for$ +^buildings/building$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^average/average$ +^overall/overall$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^of/of$ +^Earth/Earth$ +^,/,$ +^its/its$ +^planetary/planetary$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^,/,$ +^is/be$ +^30/30$ +^to/to$ +^35%/35%$ +^because of/because of$ +^cloud/cloud$ +^cover/cover$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^widely/widely$ +^varies/vary$ +^locally/locally$ +^across/across$ +^the/the$ +^surface/surface$ +^because of/because of$ +^different/different$ +^geological/geological$ +^and/and$ +^environmental/environmental$ +^features/feature$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^term/term$ +^was/be$ +^introduced/introduce$ +^into/into$ +^optics/optics$ +^by/by$ +^Johann/Johann$ +^Heinrich/*Heinrich$ +^Lambert/Lambert$ +^in/in$ +^his/his$ +^1760/1760$ +^work/work$ +^Photometria/*Photometria$ +^./.$ + +^Albedos/Albedo$ +^of/of$ +^typical/typical$ +^materials/material$ +^in/in$ +^visible/visible$ +^light/light$ +^range/range$ +^from/from$ +^up to/up to$ +^0.9/0.9$ +^for/for$ +^fresh/fresh$ +^snow/snow$ +^to/to$ +^about/about$ +^0.04/0.04$ +^for/for$ +^charcoal/*charcoal$ +^,/,$ +^one/one$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^darkest/dark$ +^substances/substance$ +^./.$ + +^Deeply/Deeply$ +^shadowed/*shadowed$ +^cavities/cavity$ +^can/can$ +^achieve/achieve$ +^an/a$ +^effective/effective$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^approaching/approach$ +^the/the$ +^zero/zero$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^black/black$ +^body/body$ +^./.$ + +^When/When$ +^seen/see$ +^from/from$ +^a/a$ +^distance/distance$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^ocean/ocean$ +^surface/surface$ +^has/have$ +^a/a$ +^low/low$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^do/do$ +^most/most$ +^forests/forest$ +^,/,$ +^whereas/whereas$ +^desert/desert$ +^areas/area$ +^have/have$ +^some/some$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^highest/high$ +^albedos/albedo$ +^among/among$ +^landforms/*landforms$ +^./.$ + +^Most/Most$ +^land/land$ +^areas/area$ +^are/be$ +^in/in$ +^an/a$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^range/range$ +^of/of$ +^0.1/0.1$ +^to/to$ +^0.4/0.4$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^average/average$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Earth/Earth$ +^is/be$ +^about/about$ +^0.3/0.3$ +^./.$ + +^This/This$ +^is/be$ +^far/far$ +^higher/high$ +^than/than$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^ocean/ocean$ +^primarily/primarily$ +^because of/because of$ +^the/the$ +^contribution/contribution$ +^of/of$ +^clouds/cloud$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^Earth/Earth$ +^'s/'s$ +^surface/surface$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^is/be$ +^regularly/regularly$ +^estimated/estimate$ +^via/via$ +^Earth/Earth$ +^observation/observation$ +^satellite/satellite$ +^sensors/sensor$ +^such as/such as$ +^NASA/NASA$ +^'s/'s$ +^MODIS/*MODIS$ +^instruments/instrument$ +^on board/on board$ +^the/the$ +^Terra/*Terra$ +^and/and$ +^Aqua/*Aqua$ +^satellites/satellite$ +^./.$ + +^As/As$ +^the/the$ +^total/total$ +^amount/amount$ +^of/of$ +^reflected/reflect$ +^radiation/radiation$ +^cannot/can+not$ +^be/be$ +^directly/directly$ +^measured/measure$ +^by/by$ +^satellite/satellite$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^mathematical/mathematical$ +^model/model$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^BRDF/*BRDF$ +^is used to/be# used to$ +^translate/translate$ +^a/a$ +^sample/sample$ +^set/set$ +^of/of$ +^satellite/satellite$ +^reflectance/reflectance$ +^measurements/measurement$ +^into/into$ +^estimates/estimate$ +^of/of$ +^directional/directional$ +^-/-$ +^hemispherical/hemispherical$ +^reflectance/reflectance$ +^and/and$ +^bi-hemispherical/bi-hemispherical$ +^reflectance/reflectance$ +^./.$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^Earth/Earth$ +^'s/'s$ +^average/average$ +^surface/surface$ +^temperature/temperature$ +^due to/due to$ +^its/its$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^greenhouse/*greenhouse$ +^effect/effect$ +^is/be$ +^currently/currently$ +^about/about$ +^15/15$ +^°C/*°C$ +^./.$ + +^If/If$ +^the/the$ +^Earth/Earth$ +^was/be$ +^frozen/freeze$ +^entirely/entirely$ +^(/($ +^and/and$ +^hence/hence$ +^be/be$ +^more/more$ +^reflective/reflective$ +^)/)$ +^the/the$ +^average/average$ +^temperature/temperature$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^planet/planet$ +^would/would$ +^drop/drop$ +^below/below$ +^−/−$ +^40/40$ +^°C/*°C$ +^If/If$ +^only/only$ +^the/the$ +^continental/continental$ +^land/land$ +^masses/mass$ +^became/become$ +^covered/cover$ +^by/by$ +^glaciers/glacier$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^mean/mean$ +^temperature/temperature$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^planet/planet$ +^would/would$ +^drop/drop$ +^to/to$ +^about/about$ +^0/0$ +^°C/*°C$ +^./.$ + +^In contrast/In contrast$ +^,/,$ +^if/if$ +^all/all$ +^the/the$ +^ice/ice$ +^on/on$ +^Earth/Earth$ +^were/be$ +^to/to$ +^melt/melt$ +^—/—$ +^a/a$ +^so-called/so-called$ +^aquaplanet/*aquaplanet$ +^—/—$ +^the/the$ +^average/average$ +^temperature/temperature$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^planet/planet$ +^would/would$ +^rise/rise$ +^to/to$ +^just/just$ +^under/under$ +^27/27$ +^°C/*°C$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^albedos/albedo$ +^of/of$ +^planets/planet$ +^,/,$ +^satellites/satellite$ +^and/and$ +^asteroids/asteroid$ +^can/can$ +^be used to/be# used to$ +^infer/infer$ +^much/much$ +^about/about$ +^their/their$ +^properties/property$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^study/study$ +^of/of$ +^albedos/albedo$ +^,/,$ +^their/their$ +^dependence/dependence$ +^on/on$ +^wavelength/wavelength$ +^,/,$ +^lighting/light$ +^angle/angle$ +^(/($ +" +^phase/phase$ +^angle/angle$ +" +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^variation/variation$ +^in/in$ +^time/time$ +^comprises/comprise$ +^a/a$ +^major/major$ +^part/part$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^astronomical/astronomical$ +^field/field$ +^of/of$ +^photometry/photometry$ +^./.$ + +^For/For$ +^small/small$ +^and/and$ +^far/far$ +^objects/object$ +^that/that$ +^cannot/can+not$ +^be/be$ +^resolved/resolve$ +^by/by$ +^telescopes/telescope$ +^,/,$ +^much/much$ +^of/of$ +^what/what$ +^we/prpers$ +^know/know$ +^comes from/come# from$ +^the/the$ +^study/study$ +^of/of$ +^their/their$ +^albedos/albedo$ +^./.$ + +^For example/For example$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^absolute/absolute$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^can/can$ +^indicate/indicate$ +^the/the$ +^surface/surface$ +^ice/ice$ +^content/content$ +^of/of$ +^outer/outer$ +^solar/solar$ +^system/system$ +^objects/object$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^variation/variation$ +^of/of$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^with/with$ +^phase/phase$ +^angle/angle$ +^gives/give$ +^information/information$ +^about/about$ +^regolith/*regolith$ +^properties/property$ +^,/,$ +^while/while$ +^unusually/unusually$ +^high/high$ +^radar/radar$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^is/be$ +^indicative/*indicative$ +^of/of$ +^high/high$ +^metallic/metallic$ +^content/content$ +^in/in$ +^asteroids/asteroid$ +^./.$ + +^Enceladus/*Enceladus$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^moon/moon$ +^of/of$ +^Saturn/Saturn$ +^,/,$ +^has/have$ +^one/one$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^highest/high$ +^known/know$ +^albedos/albedo$ +^of/of$ +^any/any$ +^body/body$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Solar/Solar$ +^system/system$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^99%/99%$ +^of/of$ +^EM/*EM$ +^radiation/radiation$ +^reflected/reflect$ +^./.$ + +^Another/Another$ +^notable/notable$ +^high/high$ +^-/-$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^body/body$ +^is/be$ +^Eris/*Eris$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^an/a$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^of/of$ +^0.96/0.96$ +^./.$ + +^Many/Many$ +^small/small$ +^objects/object$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^outer/outer$ +^solar/solar$ +^system/system$ +^and/and$ +^asteroid/asteroid$ +^belt/belt$ +^have/have$ +^low/low$ +^albedos/albedo$ +^down/down$ +^to/to$ +^about/about$ +^0.05/0.05$ +^./.$ + +^A/A$ +^typical/typical$ +^comet/comet$ +^nucleus/nucleus$ +^has/have$ +^an/a$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^of/of$ +^0.04/0.04$ +^./.$ + +^Such a/Such a$ +^dark/dark$ +^surface/surface$ +^is/be$ +^thought/think$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^indicative/*indicative$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^primitive/primitive$ +^and/and$ +^heavily/heavily$ +^space/space$ +^weathered/*weathered$ +^surface/surface$ +^containing/contain$ +^some/some$ +^organic/organic$ +^compounds/compound$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^overall/overall$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Moon/Moon$ +^is/be$ +^around/around$ +^0.12/0.12$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^it/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^strongly/strongly$ +^directional/directional$ +^and/and$ +^non/non$ +^-/-$ +^Lambertian/*Lambertian$ +^,/,$ +^displaying/display$ +^also/also$ +^a/a$ +^strong/strong$ +^opposition/opposition$ +^effect/effect$ +^./.$ + +^While/While$ +^such/such$ +^reflectance/reflectance$ +^properties/property$ +^are/be$ +^different/different$ +^from/from$ +^those/that$ +^of/of$ +^any/any$ +^terrestrial/terrestrial$ +^terrains/terrain$ +^,/,$ +^they/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^typical of/typical of$ +^the/the$ +^regolith/*regolith$ +^surfaces/surface$ +^of/of$ +^airless/*airless$ +^solar/solar$ +^system/system$ +^bodies/body$ +^./.$ + +^Two/Two$ +^common/common$ +^albedos/albedo$ +^that/that$ +^are/be$ +^used/use$ +^in/in$ +^astronomy/astronomy$ +^are/be$ +^the/the$ +^(/($ +^V/V$ +^-/-$ +^band/band$ +^)/)$ +^geometric/geometric$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^(/($ +^measuring/measure$ +^brightness/*brightness$ +^when/when$ +^illumination/illumination$ +^comes from/come# from$ +^directly/directly$ +^behind/behind$ +^the/the$ +^observer/observer$ +^)/)$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^Bond/Bond$ +^albedo/albedo$ +^(/($ +^measuring/measure$ +^total/total$ +^proportion/proportion$ +^of/of$ +^electromagnetic/electromagnetic$ +^energy/energy$ +^reflected/reflect$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^Their/Their$ +^values/value$ +^can/can$ +^differ/differ$ +^significantly/significantly$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^is/be$ +^a/a$ +^common/common$ +^source/source$ +^of/of$ +^confusion/confusion$ +^./.$ + Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/alfred1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/alfred1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/alfred1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,514 @@ +^During/During$ +^the/the$ +^short/short$ +^reigns/reign$ +^of/of$ +^his/his$ +^two/two$ +^eldest/*eldest$ +^brothers/brother$ +^,/,$ +^Æthelbald/*Æthelbald$ +^of/of$ +^Wessex/*Wessex$ +^and/and$ +^Æthelbert/*Æthelbert$ +^of/of$ +^Wessex/*Wessex$ +^,/,$ +^Alfred/Alfred$ +^is/be$ +^not/not$ +^mentioned/mention$ +^./.$ + +^However/However$ +^,/,$ +^his/his$ +^public/public$ +^life/life$ +^began/begin$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^accession/accession$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^third/third$ +^brother/brother$ +^,/,$ +^Æthelred/*Æthelred$ +^of/of$ +^Wessex/*Wessex$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^866/866$ +^./.$ + +^It/Prpers$ +^is/be$ +^during/during$ +^this/this$ +^period/period$ +^that/that$ +^Bishop/Bishop$ +^Asser/*Asser$ +^applies/apply$ +^to/to$ +^him/prpers$ +^the/the$ +^unique/unique$ +^title/title$ +^of/of$ +" +^secundarius/*secundarius$ +" +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^may/may$ +^indicate/indicate$ +^a/a$ +^position/position$ +^akin/akin$ +^to/to$ +^that/that$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Celtic/Celtic$ +^tanist/*tanist$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^recognised/recognise$ +^successor/successor$ +^closely/closely$ +^associated/associate$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^reigning/reigning$ +^monarch/monarch$ +^./.$ + +^It/Prpers$ +^is/be$ +^possible/possible$ +^that/that$ +^this/this$ +^arrangement/arrangement$ +^was/be$ +^sanctioned/sanction$ +^by/by$ +^Alfred/Alfred$ + ^'s/'s$ +^father/father$ +^,/,$ +^or/or$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^Witan/*Witan$ +^,/,$ +^to/to$ +^guard/guard$ +^against/against$ +^the/the$ +^danger/danger$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^disputed/disputed$ +^succession/succession$ +^should/should$ +^Æthelred/*Æthelred$ +^fall/fall$ +^in/in$ +^battle/battle$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^arrangement/arrangement$ +^of/of$ +^crowning/*crowning$ +^a/a$ +^successor/successor$ +^as/as$ +^royal/royal$ +^prince/prince$ +^and/and$ +^military/military$ +^commander/commander$ +^is/be$ +^well/well$ +^known/know$ +^among/among$ +^other/other$ +^Germanic/germanic$ +^tribes/tribe$ +^,/,$ +^such as/such as$ +^the/the$ +^Swedes/*Swedes$ +^and/and$ +^Franks/*Franks$ +^,/,$ +^to/to$ +^whom/whom$ +^the/the$ +^Anglo-Saxons/Anglo-Saxon$ +^were/be$ +^closely/closely$ +^related/relate$ +^./.$ + +^Alfred/Alfred$ +^analysed/analyse$ +^the/the$ +^defects/defect$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^military/military$ +^system/system$ +^that/that$ +^he/prpers$ +^had/have$ +^inherited/inherit$ +^and/and$ +^implemented/implement$ +^changes/change$ +^to/to$ +^remedy/remedy$ +^them/prpers$ +^./.$ + +^Alfred/Alfred$ + ^'s/'s$ +^military/military$ +^reorganisation/reorganisation$ +^of/of$ +^Wessex/*Wessex$ +^consisted/consist$ +^of/of$ +^three/three$ +^elements/element$ +^:/:$ +^the/the$ +^building/build$ +^of/of$ +^thirty/thirty$ +^fortified/fortify$ +^and/and$ +^garrisoned/*garrisoned$ +^towns/town$ +^(/($ +^burhs/*burhs$ +^)/)$ +^along/along$ +^the/the$ +^rivers/river$ +^and/and$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^roads/road$ +^of/of$ +^Wessex/*Wessex$ +^;/;$ +^the/the$ +^creation/creation$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^mobile/mobile$ +^(/($ +^horsed/*horsed$ +^)/)$ +^field/field$ +^force/force$ +^,/,$ +^consisting/consist$ +^of/of$ +^his/his$ +^nobles/*nobles$ +^and/and$ +^their/their$ +^warrior/warrior$ +^retainers/*retainers$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^was/be$ +^divided/divide$ +^into/into$ +^two/two$ +^contingents/contingent$ +^,/,$ +^one/one$ +^of/of$ +^which/which$ +^was/be$ +^always/always$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^field/field$ +^;/;$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^enhancement/enhancement$ +^of/of$ +^Wessex/*Wessex$ + ^'s/'s$ +^seapower/*seapower$ +^through/through$ +^the/the$ +^addition/addition$ +^of/of$ +^larger/large$ +^ships/ship$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^existing/exist$ +^royal/royal$ +^fleet/fleet$ +^./.$ + +^Each/Each$ +^element/element$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^system/system$ +^was/be$ +^meant/mean$ +^to/to$ +^remedy/remedy$ +^defects/defect$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^West/West$ +^Saxon/saxon$ +^military/military$ +^establishment/establishment$ +^exposed/expose$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^Viking/*Viking$ +^invasions/invasion$ +^./.$ + +^If/If$ +^under/under$ +^the/the$ +^existing/exist$ +^system/system$ +^he/prpers$ +^could/can$ +^not/not$ +^assemble/assemble$ +^forces/force$ +^quickly/quickly$ +^enough/enough$ +^to/to$ +^intercept/intercept$ +^mobile/mobile$ +^Viking/*Viking$ +^raiders/*raiders$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^obvious/obvious$ +^answer/answer$ +^was/be$ +^to/to$ +^have/have$ +^a/a$ +^standing/stand$ +^field/field$ +^force/force$ +^./.$ + +^If/If$ +^this/this$ +^entailed/*entailed$ +^transforming/transform$ +^the/the$ +^West/West$ +^Saxon/saxon$ +^fyrd/*fyrd$ +^from/from$ +^a/a$ +^sporadic/sporadic$ +^levy/levy$ +^of/of$ +^king/king$ +^'s/'s$ +^men/man$ +^and/and$ +^their/their$ +^retinues/*retinues$ +^into/into$ +^a/a$ +^mounted/mount$ +^standing/stand$ +^army/army$ +^,/,$ +^so/so$ +^be/be$ +^it/prpers$ +^./.$ + +^If/If$ +^his/his$ +^kingdom/kingdom$ +^lacked/lack$ +^strongpoints/*strongpoints$ +^to/to$ +^impede/*impede$ +^the/the$ +^progress/progress$ +^of/of$ +^an/a$ +^enemy/enemy$ +^army/army$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^would/would$ +^build/build$ +^them/prpers$ +^./.$ + +^If/If$ +^the/the$ +^enemy/enemy$ +^struck/strike$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^sea/sea$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^would/would$ +^counter/counter$ +^them/prpers$ +^with/with$ +^his/his$ +^own/own$ +^naval/naval$ +^power/power$ +^./.$ + +^Characteristically/Characteristically$ +^,/,$ +^all/all$ +^of/of$ +^Alfred/Alfred$ +^'s/'s$ +^innovations/innovation$ +^were/be$ +^firmly/firmly$ +^rooted/root$ +^in/in$ +^traditional/traditional$ +^West/West$ +^Saxon/saxon$ +^practice/practice$ +^,/,$ +^drawing/draw$ +^as/as$ +^they/prpers$ +^did/do$ +^upon/upon$ +^the/the$ +^three/three$ +^so-called/so-called$ +^'/'$ +^common/common$ +^burdens/burden$ +^'/'$ +^of/of$ +^bridge/bridge$ +^work/work$ +^,/,$ +^fortress/fortress$ +^repair/repair$ +^and/and$ +^service/service$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^king/king$ + ^'s/'s$ +^campaigns/campaign$ +^that/that$ +^all/all$ +^holders/holder$ +^of/of$ +^bookland/*bookland$ +^and/and$ +^royal/royal$ +^loanland/*loanland$ +^owed/owe$ +^the/the$ +^Crown/Crown$ +^./.$ + +^Where/Where$ +^Alfred/Alfred$ +^revealed/reveal$ +^his/his$ +^genius/genius$ +^was/be$ +^in/in$ +^designing/design$ +^the/the$ +^field/field$ +^force/force$ +^and/and$ +^'/'$ +^burhs/*burhs$ +^'/'$ +^(/($ +^boroughs/borough$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^these/this$ +^fortified/fortify$ +^sites/site$ +^were/be$ +^called/call$ +^,/,$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^parts/part$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^coherent/coherent$ +^military/military$ +^system/system$ +^./.$ + +^Neither/Neither$ +^Alfred/Alfred$ +^'s/'s$ +^reformed/reform$ +^fyrd/*fyrd$ +^nor/nor$ +^his/his$ +^burhs/*burhs$ +^alone/alone$ +^would/would$ +^have/have$ +^afforded/afford$ +^a/a$ +^sufficient/sufficient$ +^defence/defence$ +^against/against$ +^the/the$ +^Vikings/*Vikings$ +^;/;$ +^together/together$ +^,/,$ +^however/however$ +^,/,$ +^they/prpers$ +^robbed/rob$ +^the/the$ +^Vikings/*Vikings$ +^of/of$ +^their/their$ +^major/major$ +^strategic/strategic$ +^advantages/advantage$ +^:/:$ +^surprise/surprise$ +^and/and$ +^mobility/mobility$ +^./.$ Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/algeria1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/algeria1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/algeria1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,418 @@ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^'s/'s$ +^first/first$ +^president/president$ +^was/be$ +^the/the$ +^FLN/*FLN$ +^leader/leader$ +^Ahmed/Ahmed$ +^Ben Bella/Ben Bella$ +^./.$ + +^He/Prpers$ +^was/be$ +^overthrown/*overthrown$ +^by/by$ +^his/his$ +^former/former$ +^ally/ally$ +^and/and$ +^defence/defence$ +^minister/minister$ +^,/,$ +^Houari/*Houari$ +^Boumédienne/*Boumédienne$ +^in/in$ +^1965/1965$ +^./.$ + +^Under/Under$ +^Ben/Ben$ +^Bella/Bella$ +^the/the$ +^government/government$ +^had/have$ +^already/already$ +^become/become$ +^increasingly/increasingly$ +^socialist/socialist$ +^and/and$ +^authoritarian/authoritarian$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^this/this$ +^trend/trend$ +^continued/continue$ +^throughout/throughout$ +^Boumédienne/*Boumédienne$ +^'s/'s$ +^government/government$ +^./.$ + +^However/However$ +^,/,$ +^Boumédienne/*Boumédienne$ +^relied/rely$ +^much/much$ +^more/more$ +^heavily/heavily$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^army/army$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^reduced/reduce$ +^the/the$ +^sole/sole$ +^legal/legal$ +^party/party$ +^to/to$ +^a/a$ +^merely/merely$ +^symbolic/symbolic$ +^role/role$ +^./.$ + +^Agriculture/Agriculture$ +^was/be$ +^collectivised/*collectivised$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^a/a$ +^massive/massive$ +^industrialisation/industrialisation$ +^drive/drive$ +^launched/launch$ +^./.$ + +^Oil/Oil$ +^extraction/extraction$ +^facilities/facility$ +^were/be$ +^nationalised/nationalise$ +^./.$ + +^This/This$ +^was/be$ +^especially/especially$ +^beneficial/beneficial$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^leadership/leadership$ +^after/after$ +^the/the$ +^1973/1973$ +^oil/oil$ +^crisis/crisis$ +^./.$ + +^However/However$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Algerian/Algerian$ +^economy/economy$ +^became/become$ +^increasingly/increasingly$ +^dependent/*dependent$ +^on/on$ +^oil/oil$ +^which/which$ +^led/lead$ +^to/to$ +^hardship/hardship$ +^when/when$ +^the/the$ +^price/price$ +^collapsed/collapse$ +^during/during$ +^the/the$ +^1980/1980$ +^s/s$ +^oil/oil$ +^glut/*glut$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^foreign/foreign$ +^policy/policy$ +^,/,$ +^while/while$ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^shares/share$ +^much/much$ +^of/of$ +^its/its$ +^history/history$ +^and/and$ +^cultural/cultural$ +^heritage/heritage$ +^with/with$ +^neighbouring/neighbouring$ +^Morocco/Morocco$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^two/two$ +^countries/country$ +^have/have$ +^had/have$ +^somewhat/somewhat$ +^hostile/hostile$ +^relations/relation$ +^with/with$ +^each/each$ +^other/other$ +^ever/ever$ +^since/since$ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^'s/'s$ +^independence/independence$ +^./.$ + +^Reasons/Reason$ +^for/for$ +^this/this$ +^include/include$ +^Morocco/Morocco$ +^'s/'s$ +^disputed/*disputed$ +^claim/claim$ +^to/to$ +^portions/portion$ +^of/of$ +^western/western$ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^(/($ +^which/which$ +^led/lead$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Sand/Sand$ +^War/War$ +^in/in$ +^1963/1963$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^'s/'s$ +^support/support$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^Polisario Front/Polisario Front$ +^for/for$ +^its/its$ +^right/right$ +^to/to$ +^self-determination/self-determination$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^'s/'s$ +^hosting/host$ +^of/of$ +^Sahrawi/*Sahrawi$ +^refugees/refugee$ +^within/within$ +^its/its$ +^borders/border$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^city/city$ +^of/of$ +^Tindouf/*Tindouf$ +^./.$ + +^Within/Within$ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^,/,$ +^dissent/dissent$ +^was/be$ +^rarely/rarely$ +^tolerated/tolerate$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^state/state$ +^'s/'s$ +^control/control$ +^over/over$ +^the/the$ +^media/media$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^outlawing/*outlawing$ +^of/of$ +^political/political$ +^parties/party$ +^other/other$ +^than/than$ +^the/the$ +^FLN/*FLN$ +^was/be$ +^cemented/cement$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^repressive/repressive$ +^constitution/constitution$ +^of/of$ +^1976/1976$ +^./.$ + +^Boumédienne/*Boumédienne$ +^died/die$ +^in/in$ +^1978/1978$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^the/the$ +^rule/rule$ +^of/of$ +^his/his$ +^successor/successor$ +^,/,$ +^Chadli/*Chadli$ +^Bendjedid/*Bendjedid$ +^,/,$ +^was/be$ +^little/little$ +^more/more$ +^open/open$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^state/state$ +^took/take$ +^on/on$ +^a/a$ +^strongly/strongly$ +^bureaucratic/bureaucratic$ +^character/character$ +^and/and$ +^corruption/corruption$ +^was/be$ +^widespread/widespread$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^modernisation/modernisation$ +^drive/drive$ +^brought/bring$ +^considerable/considerable$ +^demographic/demographic$ +^changes/change$ +^to/to$ +^Algeria/Algeria$ +^./.$ + +^Village/Village$ +^traditions/tradition$ +^underwent/undergo$ +^significant/significant$ +^change/change$ +^as/as$ +^urbanisation/urbanisation$ +^increased/increase$ +^./.$ + +^New/New$ +^industries/industry$ +^emerged/emerge$ +^and/and$ +^agricultural/agricultural$ +^employment/employment$ +^was/be$ +^substantially/substantially$ +^reduced/reduce$ +^./.$ + +^Education/Education$ +^was/be$ +^extended/extend$ +^nationwide/*nationwide$ +^,/,$ +^raising/raise$ +^the/the$ +^literacy/literacy$ +^rate/rate$ +^from/from$ +^less/less$ +^than/than$ +^10%/10%$ +^to/to$ +^over/over$ +^60%/60%$ +^./.$ + +^There/There$ +^was/be$ +^a/a$ +^dramatic/dramatic$ +^increase/increase$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^fertility/fertility$ +^rate/rate$ +^to/to$ +^7/7$ +^–/–$ +^8/8$ +^children/child$ +^per/per$ +^mother/mother$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^issue/issue$ +^of/of$ +^Amazigh/*Amazigh$ +^languages/language$ +^and/and$ +^identity/identity$ +^increased/increase$ +^in/in$ +^significance/significance$ +^,/,$ +^particularly/particularly$ +^after/after$ +^the/the$ +^extensive/extensive$ +^Kabyle/*Kabyle$ +^protests/protest$ +^of/of$ +^2001/2001$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^near/near$ +^-/-$ +^total/total$ +^boycott/boycott$ +^of/of$ +^local/local$ +^elections/election$ +^in/in$ +^Kabyle/*Kabyle$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^government/government$ +^responded/*responded$ +^with/with$ +^concessions/*concessions$ +^including/include$ +^naming/name$ +^of/of$ +^Tamazight/*Tamazight$ +^(/($ +^Berber/Berber$ +^)/)$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^national/national$ +^language/language$ +^and/and$ +^teaching/teach$ +^it/prpers$ +^in/in$ +^schools/school$ +^./.$ + Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/aluminium1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/aluminium1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/aluminium1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,505 @@ +^Aluminium/Aluminium$ +^alloys/alloy$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^wide/wide$ +^range/range$ +^of/of$ +^properties/property$ +^are/be$ +^used/use$ +^in/in$ +^engineering/engineering$ +^structures/structure$ +^./.$ + +^One/One$ +^important/important$ +^structural/structural$ +^limitation/limitation$ +^of/of$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^alloys/alloy$ +^is/be$ +^their/their$ +^fatigue/fatigue$ +^strength/strength$ +^./.$ + + +^Unlike/Unlike$ +^steels/steel$ +^,/,$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^alloys/alloy$ +^have/have$ +^no/no$ +^well/well$ +^-/-$ +^defined/defined$ +^fatigue/fatigue$ +^limit/limit$ +^,/,$ +^meaning/mean$ +^that/that$ +^fatigue/fatigue$ +^failure/failure$ +^will/will$ +^eventually/eventually$ +^occur/occur$ +^under/under$ +^even/even$ +^very/very$ +^small/small$ +^cyclic/*cyclic$ +^loadings/*loadings$ +^./.$ + +^This/This$ +^implies/imply$ +^that/that$ +^engineers/engineer$ +^must/must$ +^assess/assess$ +^these/this$ +^loads/load$ +^and/and$ +^design/design$ +^for/for$ +^a/a$ +^fixed/fixed$ +^life/life$ +^rather than/rather than$ +^an/a$ +^infinite/infinite$ +^life/life$ +^./.$ + +^Workshop/Workshop$ +^procedures/procedure$ +^involving/involve$ +^heating/heating$ +^are/be$ +^complicated/complicate$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^fact/fact$ +^that/that$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^,/,$ +^unlike/unlike$ +^steel/steel$ +^,/,$ +^will/will$ +^melt/melt$ +^without/without$ +^first/first$ +^glowing/*glowing$ +^red/red$ +^./.$ + +^Forming/Form$ +^operations/operation$ +^where/where$ +^a/a$ +^blow/blow$ +^torch/*torch$ +^is/be$ +^used/use$ +^therefore/therefore$ +^requires/require$ +^some/some$ +^expertise/expertise$ +^,/,$ +^since/since$ +^no/no$ +^visual/visual$ +^signs/sign$ +^reveal/reveal$ +^how/how$ +^close/close$ +^the/the$ +^material/material$ +^is/be$ +^to/to$ +^melting/melt$ +^./.$ + +^Aluminium/Aluminium$ +^alloys/alloy$ +^,/,$ +^like/like$ +^all/all$ +^structural/structural$ +^alloys/alloy$ +^,/,$ +^also/also$ +^are/be$ +^subject/subject$ +^to/to$ +^internal/internal$ +^stresses/stress$ +^following/follow$ +^heating/heat$ +^operations/operation$ +^such as/such as$ +^such as/such as$ +^welding/*welding$ +^and/and$ +^casting/casting$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^problem/problem$ +^with/with$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^alloys/alloy$ +^in this regard/in this regard$ +^is/be$ +^their/their$ +^low/low$ +^melting point/melting point$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^make/make$ +^them/prpers$ +^more/more$ +^susceptible/susceptible$ +^to/to$ +^distortions/distortion$ +^from/from$ +^thermally/*thermally$ +^induced/induce$ +^stress/stress$ +^relief/relief$ +^./.$ + +^Controlled/Control$ +^stress/stress$ +^relief/relief$ +^can/can$ +^be/be$ +^done/do$ +^during/during$ +^manufacturing/manufacturing$ +^by/by$ +^heat/heat$ +^-/-$ +^treating/treat$ +^the/the$ +^parts/part$ +^in/in$ +^an/a$ +^oven/oven$ +^,/,$ +^followed/follow$ +^by/by$ +^gradual/gradual$ +^cooling/cooling$ +^-/-$ +^in/in$ +^effect/effect$ +^annealing/*annealing$ +^the/the$ +^stresses/stress$ +^./.$ + +^Compared/Compare$ +^to/to$ +^copper/copper$ +^,/,$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^has/have$ +^about/about$ +^65%/65%$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^electrical/electrical$ +^conductivity/conductivity$ +^by/by$ +^volume/volume$ +^,/,$ +^although/although$ +^200%/200%$ +^by/by$ +^weight/weight$ +^./.$ + +^Traditionally/Traditionally$ +^copper/copper$ +^is/be$ +^used/use$ +^as/as$ +^household/household$ +^wiring/*wiring$ +^material/material$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^the/the$ +^1960s/1960s$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^was/be$ +^considerably/considerably$ +^cheaper/cheap$ +^than/than$ +^copper/copper$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^so/so$ +^was/be$ +^introduced/introduce$ +^for/for$ +^household/household$ +^electrical/electrical$ +^wiring/*wiring$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^United States/United States$ +^,/,$ +^even though/even though$ +^many/many$ +^fixtures/*fixtures$ +^had/have$ +^not/not$ +^been/be$ +^designed/design$ +^to/to$ +^accept/accept$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^wire/wire$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^some/some$ +^cases/case$ +^the/the$ +^greater/great$ +^coefficient/coefficient$ +^of/of$ +^thermal/thermal$ +^expansion/expansion$ +^of/of$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^causes/cause$ +^the/the$ +^wire/wire$ +^to/to$ +^expand/expand$ +^and/and$ +^contract/contract$ +^relative/relative$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^dissimilar/*dissimilar$ +^metal/metal$ +^screw/screw$ +^connection/connection$ +^,/,$ +^eventually/eventually$ +^loosening/loosen$ +^the/the$ +^connection/connection$ +^./.$ + +^Also/Also$ +^,/,$ +^pure/pure$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^has/have$ +^a/a$ +^tendency/tendency$ +^to/to$ +^creep/*creep$ +^under/under$ +^steady/steady$ +^sustained/sustain$ +^pressure/pressure$ +^(/($ +^to/to$ +^a/a$ +^greater/great$ +^degree/degree$ +^as/as$ +^the/the$ +^temperature/temperature$ +^rises/rise$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^again/again$ +^loosening/loosen$ +^the/the$ +^connection/connection$ +^./.$ + +^Finally/Finally$ +^,/,$ +^Galvanic/*Galvanic$ +^corrosion/*corrosion$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^dissimilar/*dissimilar$ +^metals/metal$ +^increased/increase$ +^the/the$ +^electrical/electrical$ +^resistance/resistance$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^connection/connection$ +^./.$ + +^All/All$ +^of/of$ +^this/this$ +^resulted/result$ +^in/in$ +^overheated/*overheated$ +^and/and$ +^loose/*loose$ +^connections/connection$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^this/this$ +^in turn/in turn$ +^resulted/result$ +^in/in$ +^fires/fire$ +^./.$ + +^Builders/Builder$ +^then/then$ +^became/become$ +^wary/*wary$ +^of/of$ +^using/use$ +^the/the$ +^wire/wire$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^many/many$ +^jurisdictions/jurisdiction$ +^outlawed/*outlawed$ +^its/its$ +^use/use$ +^in/in$ +^very/very$ +^small/small$ +^sizes/size$ +^in/in$ +^new/new$ +^construction/construction$ +^./.$ +^Eventually/Eventually$ +^,/,$ +^newer/new$ +^fixtures/*fixtures$ +^were/be$ +^introduced/introduce$ +^with/with$ +^connections/connection$ +^designed/design$ +^to/to$ +^avoid/avoid$ +^loosening/loosen$ +^and/and$ +^overheating/overheating$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^first/first$ +^generation/generation$ +^fixtures/*fixtures$ +^were/be$ +^marked/mark$ +^"/parquote$ +^Al/Al$ +/ +^Cu/Cu$ +^"/parquote$ +^and/and$ +^were/be$ +^ultimately/ultimately$ +^found/find$ +^suitable/*suitable$ +^only/only$ +^for/for$ +^copper-clad/copper-clad$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^wire/wire$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^the/the$ +^second/second$ +^generation/generation$ +^fixtures/*fixtures$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^bear/bear$ +^a/a$ +^"/parquote$ +^CO/CO$ +/ +^LR/LR$ +^"/parquote$ +^coding/coding$ +^,/,$ +^are/be$ +^rated/rate$ +^for/for$ +^unclad/*unclad$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^wire/wire$ +^./.$ + +^To/To$ +^adapt/adapt$ +^older/old$ +^assemblies/assembly$ +^,/,$ +^workers/worker$ +^forestall/*forestall$ +^the/the$ +^heating/heating$ +^problem/problem$ +^using/use$ +^a/a$ +^properly/properly$ +^-/-$ +^done/done$ +^crimp/crimp$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^wire/wire$ +^to/to$ +^a/a$ +^short/short$ +^"/parquote$ +^pigtail/*pigtail$ +^"/parquote$ +^of/of$ +^copper/copper$ +^wire/wire$ +^./.$ + +^Today/Today$ +^,/,$ +^new/new$ +^alloys/alloy$ +^,/,$ +^designs/design$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^methods/method$ +^are/be$ +^used/use$ +^for/for$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^wiring/*wiring$ +^in/in$ +^combination/combination$ +^with/with$ +^aluminium/aluminium$ +^termination/*termination$ +^./.$ Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/ambiorix1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/ambiorix1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/ambiorix1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,744 @@ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^was/be$ +^,/,$ +^together/together$ +^with/with$ +^Catuvolcus/*Catuvolcus$ +^,/,$ +^prince/prince$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^,/,$ +^leader/leader$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^Belgic/*Belgic$ +^tribe/tribe$ +^of/of$ +^north-eastern/north-eastern$ +^Gaul/*Gaul$ +^(/($ +^Gallia/*Gallia$ +^Belgica/*Belgica$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^modern/modern$ +^Belgium/Belgium$ +^is/be$ +^located/locate$ +^./.$ + + +^In/In$ +^the/the$ +^19th/19$ +^century/century$ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^became/become$ +^a/a$ +^Belgian/belgian$ +^national/national$ +^hero/hero$ +^because of/because of$ +^his/his$ +^resistance/resistance$ +^against/against$ +^Julius/Julius$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^written/write$ +^in/in$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ + ^'s/'s$ +^Commentarii/*Commentarii$ +^de/*de$ +^Bello/*Bello$ +^Gallico/*Gallico$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^57/57$ +^BC/*BC$ +^Julius/Julius$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^conquered/conquer$ +^Gaul/*Gaul$ +^and/and$ +^also/also$ +^Belgica/*Belgica$ +^(/($ +^modernday/*modernday$ +^Northern/Northern$ +^France/France$ +^,/,$ +^Belgium/Belgium$ +^and/and$ +^a/a$ +^southern/southern$ +^section/section$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Netherlands/*Netherlands$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Rhine/*Rhine$ +^River/River$ +^;/;$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^north-western/north-western$ +^portion/portion$ +^of/of$ +^North/North$ +^Rhine-Westfalia/Rhine-Westfalia$ +^,/,$ +^Germany/Germany$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + + +^There/There$ +^were/be$ +^several/several$ +^tribes/tribe$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^country/country$ +^who/who$ +^fought/fight$ +^against/against$ +^each/each$ +^other/other$ +^regularly/regularly$ +^./.$ + + +^The/The$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^were/be$ +^ruled/rule$ +^by/by$ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^and/and$ +^Catuvolcus/*Catuvolcus$ +^./.$ + + +^In/In$ +^54/54$ +^BC/*BC$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ + ^'s/'s$ +^troops/troop$ +^urgently/urgently$ +^needed/need$ +^more/more$ +^food/food$ +^and/and$ +^thereby/thereby$ +^the/the$ +^local/local$ +^tribes/tribe$ +^were/be$ +^forced/force$ +^to/to$ +^give up/give# up$ +^part/part$ +^of/of$ +^their/their$ +^harvest/harvest$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^had/have$ +^not/not$ +^been/be$ +^good/good$ +^that/that$ +^year/year$ +^./.$ + + +^Understandably/*Understandably$ +^the/the$ +^starving/*starving$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^were/be$ +^reluctant/reluctant$ +^to/to$ +^do/do$ +^so/so$ +^and/and$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^ordered/order$ +^that/that$ +^camps/camp$ +^be/be$ +^built/build$ +^near/near$ +^the/the$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^'/'$ +^villages/village$ +^./.$ + + +^Each/Each$ +^centurion/*centurion$ +^was/be$ +^ordered/order$ +^to/to$ +^make/make$ +^sure/sure$ +^the/the$ +^food/food$ +^supplies/supply$ +^were/be$ +^delivered/deliver$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^soldiers/soldier$ +^./.$ + + +^This/This$ +^created/create$ +^resentment/resentment$ +^among/among$ +^the/the$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^./.$ + +^Because/Because$ +^a/a$ +^drought/drought$ +^had/have$ +^disrupted/disrupt$ +^his/his$ +^grain/grain$ +^supply/supply$ +^,/,$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^was/be$ +^forced/force$ +^to/to$ +^winter/winter$ +^his/his$ +^legions/legion$ +^among/among$ +^the/the$ +^rebellious/rebellious$ +^Belgic/*Belgic$ +^tribes/tribe$ +^./.$ + + +^Roman/Roman$ +^troops/troop$ +^,/,$ +^led/lead$ +^by/by$ +^Q./Q.$ +^Titurius/*Titurius$ +^Sabinus/*Sabinus$ +^and/and$ +^L./L.$ +^Aurunculeius/*Aurunculeius$ +^Cotta/*Cotta$ +^were/be$ +^wintering/*wintering$ +^among/among$ +^the/the$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^when/when$ +^they/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^attacked/attack$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^,/,$ +^led/lead$ +^by/by$ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^and/and$ +^Cativolcus/*Cativolcus$ +^./.$ + + +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^deceived/deceive$ +^the/the$ +^Romans/Roman$ +^,/,$ +^telling/tell$ +^them/prpers$ +^the/the$ +^attack/attack$ +^was/be$ +^made/make$ +^without/without$ +^his/his$ +^consent/consent$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^further/further$ +^advised/advise$ +^them/prpers$ +^to/to$ +^flee/flee$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^large/large$ +^Germanic/germanic$ +^force/force$ +^was/be$ +^preparing/prepare$ +^to/to$ +^cross/cross$ +^the/the$ +^Rhine/*Rhine$ +^./.$ + + +^Trusting/Trust$ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^,/,$ +^Sabinus/*Sabinus$ +^and/and$ +^Cotta/*Cotta$ + ^'s/'s$ +^troops/troop$ +^leave/leave$ +^the/the$ +^next/next$ +^morning/morning$ +^./.$ + + +^A/A$ +^short/short$ +^distance/distance$ +^from/from$ +^their/their$ +^camp/camp$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^troops/troop$ +^were/be$ +^ambushed/*ambushed$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^and/and$ +^massacred/*massacred$ +^./.$ + +^Elsewhere/Elsewhere$ +^,/,$ +^another/another$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^force/force$ +^under/under$ +^Quintus/*Quintus$ +^Tullius/*Tullius$ +^Cicero/Cicero$ +^,/,$ +^brother/brother$ +^of/of$ +^Marcus/Marcus$ +^,/,$ +^were/be$ +^wintering/*wintering$ +^amongst/amongst$ +^the/the$ +^Nervii/*Nervii$ +^./.$ + + +^Leading/Lead$ +^a/a$ +^coalition/coalition$ +^of/of$ +^rebellious/rebellious$ +^Belgic/*Belgic$ +^tribes/tribe$ +^,/,$ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^surrounded/surround$ +^Cicero/Cicero$ + ^'s/'s$ +^camp/camp$ +^./.$ + + +^After/After$ +^a/a$ +^long/long$ +^while/while$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^messenger/messenger$ +^was/be$ +^finally/finally$ +^able/able$ +^to/to$ +^slip/slip$ +^through/through$ +^the/the$ +^Belgic/*Belgic$ +^lines/line$ +^and/and$ +^get/get$ +^word/word$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^uprising/uprising$ +^to/to$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^./.$ + + +^Mobilising/*Mobilising$ +^his/his$ +^legions/legion$ +^,/,$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^immediately/immediately$ +^marched/*marched$ +^to/to$ +^Cicero/Cicero$ + ^'s/'s$ +^aid/aid$ +^./.$ + + +^As/As$ +^they/prpers$ +^approached/approach$ +^the/the$ +^besieged/besieged$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^camp/camp$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Belgae/*Belgae$ +^moved/move$ +^to/to$ +^engage/engage$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ + ^'s/'s$ +^troops/troop$ +^./.$ + + +^Vastly/*Vastly$ +^outnumbered/*outnumbered$ +^,/,$ +^Caeser/*Caeser$ +^ordered/order$ +^his/his$ +^troops/troop$ +^to/to$ +^appear/appear$ +^confused/confuse$ +^and/and$ +^frightened/frighten$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^they/prpers$ +^successfully/successfully$ +^lured/lure$ +^the/the$ +^Belgae/*Belgae$ +^to/to$ +^attack/attack$ +^them/prpers$ +^on/on$ +^ground/ground$ +^favourable/favourable$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Romans/Roman$ +^./.$ + + +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^'s/'s$ +^forces/force$ +^launched/launch$ +^a/a$ +^fierce/fierce$ +^counterattack/counterattack$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^soon/soon$ +^put/put$ +^the/the$ +^Belgae/*Belgae$ +^to/to$ +^flight/flight$ +^./.$ + + +^Later/Later$ +^,/,$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ + ^'s/'s$ +^troops/troop$ +^entered/enter$ +^Cicero/Cicero$ + ^'s/'s$ +^camp/camp$ +^to/to$ +^find/find$ +^most/most$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^men/man$ +^wounded/wound$ +^./.$ + +^Meanwhile/Meanwhile$ +^,/,$ +^Indutiomarus/*Indutiomarus$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^leader/leader$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Treveri/*Treveri$ +^,/,$ +^began/begin$ +^to/to$ +^harass/harass$ +^the/the$ +^camp/camp$ +^of/of$ +^Labienus/*Labienus$ +^on/on$ +^a/a$ +^daily/daily$ +^basis/basis$ +^,/,$ +^eventually/eventually$ +^provoking/provoke$ +^Labienus/*Labienus$ +^to/to$ +^send/send$ +^out/out$ +^his/his$ +^cavalry/cavalry$ +^with/with$ +^specific/specific$ +^orders/order$ +^to/to$ +^kill/kill$ +^Indutiomarus/*Indutiomarus$ +^./.$ + + +^They/Prpers$ +^do/do$ +^so/so$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^rout/*rout$ +^the/the$ +^remnants/remnant$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^late/late$ +^Indutiomarus/*Indutiomarus$ + ^'s/'s$ +^army/army$ +^./.$ + + +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^personally/personally$ +^remained/remain$ +^in/in$ +^Gaul/*Gaul$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^remainder/remainder$ +^of/of$ +^winter/winter$ +^due/due$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^renewed/renew$ +^Gallic/*Gallic$ +^threat/threat$ +^./.$ + +^When/when$ +^the/the$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^Senate/senate$ +^heard/hear$ +^what/what$ +^happened/happen$ +^,/,$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^swore/swear$ +^to/to$ +^put/put$ +^down/down$ +^all/all$ +^the/the$ +^Belgic/*Belgic$ +^tribes/tribe$ +^./.$ + + +^It/Prpers$ +^was/be$ +^very/very$ +^important/important$ +^that/that$ +^the/the$ +^other/other$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^provinces/province$ +^know/know$ +^that/that$ +^the/the$ +^almighty/almighty$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^republic/republic$ +^couldn't/can+not$ +^be/be$ +^beaten/beat$ +^so/so$ +^easily/easily$ +^./.$ + + +^After all/After all$ +^,/,$ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^had/have$ +^killed/kill$ +^a/a$ +^whole/whole$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^legion/legion$ +^and/and$ +^five/five$ +^cohorts/*cohorts$ +^./.$ + + +^A/A$ +^Belgic/*Belgic$ +^attack/attack$ +^on/on$ +^Quintus/*Quintus$ +^Cicero/Cicero$ +^(/($ +^brother/brother$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^orator/orator$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^then/then$ +^stationed/*stationed$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^legion/legion$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Nervii/*Nervii$ + ^'s/'s$ +^territory/territory$ +^,/,$ +^failed/fail$ +^due/due$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^timely/timely$ +^appearance/appearance$ +^of/of$ +^Caesar/*Caesar$ +^./.$ + + +^The/The$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^campaigns/campaign$ +^against/against$ +^the/the$ +^Belgae/*Belgae$ +^took/take$ +^a few/a few$ +^years/year$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^eventually/eventually$ +^the/the$ +^Belgae/*Belgae$ +^were/be$ +^no/no$ +^match/match$ +^against/against$ +^50,000/50,000$ +^trained/train$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^soldiers/soldier$ +^./.$ + + +^The/The$ +^tribes/tribe$ +^were/be$ +^slaughtered/*slaughtered$ +^or/or$ +^driven/drive$ +^out/out$ +^and/and$ +^their/their$ +^fields/field$ +^burned/burn$ +^./.$ + + +^The/The$ +^Eburones/*Eburones$ +^were/be$ +^history/history$ +^from/from$ +^that/that$ +^point/point$ +^./.$ + + +^According/According$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^writer/writer$ +^Florus/*Florus$ +^,/,$ +^Ambiorix/*Ambiorix$ +^and/and$ +^his/his$ +^men/man$ +^managed/manage$ +^to/to$ +^cross/cross$ +^the/the$ +^Rhine/*Rhine$ +^and/and$ +^disappear/disappear$ +^without/without$ +^a/a$ +^trace/trace$ +^./.$ + Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/dakhma1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/dakhma1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/dakhma1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,1339 @@ +^A/a$ +^Dakhma/*Dakhma$ +^also/also$ +^known/know$ +^as/as$ +" +^Cheel/*Cheel$ +^Ghar/*Ghar$ +" +^in/in$ +^Hindi/Hindi$ +^and/and$ +" +^Tower/tower$ +^of/of$ +^Silence/silence$ +" +^in/in$ +^English/English$ +^,/,$ +^is/be$ +^a/a$ +^circular/circular$ +^,/,$ +^raised/raise$ +^structure/structure$ +^used/use$ +^by/by$ +^Zoroastrians/Zoroastrians$ +^for/for$ +^exposure/exposure$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^dead/dead$ +^,/,$ +^particularly/particularly$ +^to/to$ +^scavenging/*scavenging$ +^birds/bird$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^type/type$ +^of/of$ +^construction/construction$ +^is/be$ +^not/not$ +^specified/specify$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^name/name$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^common/common$ +^dakhma/*dakhma$ +^or/or$ +^dokhma/*dokhma$ +^(/($ +^from/from$ +^Middle/middle$ +^Persian/Persian$ +^dakhmag/*dakhmag$ +^)/)$ +^originally/originally$ +^denoted/denote$ +^any/any$ +^place/place$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^dead/dead$ +^./.$ + +^Similarly/similarly$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^medieval/medieval$ +^texts/text$ +^of/of$ +^Zoroastrian/Zoroastrian$ +^tradition/tradition$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^word/word$ +^astodan/*astodan$ +^appears/appear$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^today/today$ +^that/that$ +^word/word$ +^denotes/denote$ +^an/a$ +^ossuary/*ossuary$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^the/the$ +^Iranian/iranian$ +^provinces/province$ +^of/of$ +^Yazd/*Yazd$ +^and/and$ +^Kerman/*Kerman$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^technical/technical$ +^term/term$ +^is/be$ +^deme/*deme$ +^or/or$ +^dema/*dema$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^India/India$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^term/term$ +^doongerwadi/*doongerwadi$ +^came/come$ +^into/into$ +^use/use$ +^after/after$ +^a/a$ +^tower/tower$ +^was/be$ +^constructed/construct$ +^on/on$ +^a/a$ +^hill/hill$ +^of/of$ +^that/that$ +^name/name$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^word/word$ +^dagdah/*dagdah$ +^appears/appear$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^texts/text$ +^of/of$ +^both/both$ +^India/India$ +^and/and$ +^Iran/Iran$ +^but/but$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^20th/20$ +^-/-$ +^century/century$ +^India/India$ +^,/,$ +^signified/*signified$ +^the/the$ +^lowest/low$ +^grade/grade$ +^of/of$ +^temple/temple$ +^fire/fire$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^term/term$ +" +^Tower/tower$ +^of/of$ +^Silence/silence$ +" +^is/be$ +^a/a$ +^neologism/neologism$ +^attributed/attribute$ +^to/to$ +^Robert/Robert$ +^Murphy/Murphy$ +^,/,$ +^who/who$ +^in/in$ +^1832/1832$ +^was/be$ +^a/a$ +^translator/translator$ +^working/work$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^British/british$ +^colonial/colonial$ +^government/government$ +^in/in$ +^India/India$ +^./.$ + +^Zoroastrian/Zoroastrian$ +^tradition/tradition$ +^considers/consider$ +^a/a$ +^dead/dead$ +^body/body$ +^—/—$ +^in/in$ +^addition/addition$ +^to/to$ +^cut/cut$ +^hair/hair$ +^and/and$ +^nail/nail$ +^-/-$ +^trimmings/*trimmings$ +^—/—$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^nasu/*nasu$ +^,/,$ +^unclean/*unclean$ +^,/,$ +^i.e./i.e.$ +^potential/potential$ +^pollutants/*pollutants$ +^./.$ + +^Specifically/specifically$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^corpse/corpse$ +^demon/demon$ +^was/be$ +^believed/believe$ +^to/to$ +^rush/rush$ +^into/into$ +^the/the$ +^body/body$ +^and/and$ +^contaminate/contaminate$ +^everything/everything$ +^it/prpers$ +^came/come$ +^into/into$ +^contact/contact$ +^with/with$ +^,/,$ +^hence/hence/hence$ +^the/the$ +^Vendidad/*Vendidad$ +^(/($ +^an/a$ +^ecclesiastical/ecclesiastical$ +^code/code$ +" +^given/give$ +^against/against$ +^the/the$ +^demons/demon$ +" +^)/)$ +^has/have$ +^rules/rule$ +^for/for$ +^disposing/dispose$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^dead/dead$ +^as/as$ +" +^safely/safely$ +" +^as/as$ +^possible/possible$ +^./.$ + +^To/to$ +^preclude/preclude$ +^the/the$ +^pollution/pollution$ +^of/of$ +^earth/earth$ +^or/or$ +^fire/fire$ +^(/($ +^see/see/see$ +^Zam/*Zam$ +^and/and$ +^Atar/*Atar$ +^respectively/respectively$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^bodies/body$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^dead/dead$ +^are/be$ +^placed/place$ +^atop/atop$ +^a/a$ +^tower/tower$ +^—/—$ +^a/a$ +^tower/tower$ +^of/of$ +^silence/silence$ +^—/—$ +^and/and$ +^so/so$ +^exposed/expose$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^sun/sun$ +^and/and$ +^to/to$ +^scavenging/*scavenging$ +^birds/bird$ +^./.$ + +^Thus/thus/thus$ +^,/,$ +" +^putrefaction/*putrefaction$ +^with/with$ +^all/all$ +^its/its$ +^concomitant/concomitant$ +^evils/evil$ +^.../...$ +^is/be$ +^most/most$ +^effectually/*effectually$ +^prevented/prevent$ +^./.$ +" + +^The/the$ +^towers/tower$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^are/be$ +^fairly/fairly$ +^uniform/uniform$ +^in/in$ +^their/their$ +^construction/construction$ +^,/,$ +^have/have$ +^an/a$ +^almost/almost$ +^flat/flat$ +^roof/roof$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^perimeter/perimeter$ +^being/be$ +^slightly/slightly$ +^higher/high$ +^than/than$ +^the/the$ +^centre/centre$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^roof/roof$ +^is/be$ +^divided/divide$ +^into/into$ +^three/three$ +^concentric/concentric$ +^rings/ring$ +^:/:$ +^The/the$ +^bodies/body$ +^of/of$ +^men/man$ +^are/be$ +^arranged/arrange$ +^around/around$ +^the/the$ +^outer/outer$ +^ring/ring$ +^,/,$ +^women/woman$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^second/second$ +^circle/circle$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^children/child$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^innermost/*innermost$ +^ring/ring$ +^./.$ + +^Once/once$ +^the/the$ +^bones/bone$ +^have/have$ +^been/be$ +^bleached/bleach$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^sun/sun$ +^and/and$ +^wind/wind$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^can/can$ +^take/take$ +^as/as$ +^long/long$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^year/year$ +^,/,$ +^they/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^collected/collect$ +^in/in$ +^an/a$ +^ossuary/*ossuary$ +^pit/pit$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^centre/centre$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^tower/tower$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^—/—$ +^assisted/assist$ +^by/by$ +^lime/lime$ +^—/—$ +^they/prpers$ +^gradually/gradually$ +^disintegrate/disintegrate$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^remaining/remain$ +^material/material$ +^—/—$ +^with/with$ +^run-off/run-off$ +^rainwater/*rainwater$ +^—/—$ +^runs/run$ +^through/through$ +^multiple/multiple$ +^coal/coal$ +^and/and$ +^sand/sand$ +^filters/filter$ +^before/before$ +^being/be$ +^eventually/eventually$ +^washed/wash$ +^out/out$ +^to/to$ +^sea/sea$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^ritual/ritual/ritual$ +^precinct/*precinct$ +^may/may$ +^be/be$ +^entered/enter$ +^only/only$ +^by/by$ +^a/a$ +^special/special$ +^class/class$ +^of/of$ +^pallbearers/*pallbearers$ +^,/,$ +^called/call$ +^nasellars/*nasellars$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^contraction/contraction$ +^of/of$ +^nasasalar/*nasasalar$ +^,/,$ +^caretaker/*caretaker$ +^(/($ +^-/-$^salar/*salar$ +^)/)$ +^of/of$ +^potential/potential$ +^pollutants/*pollutants$ +^(/($ +^nasa/*nasa$^-/-$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^earliest/early$ +^reference/reference$ +^to/to$ +^ritual/ritual$ +^exposure/exposure$ +^comes/come$ +^from/from$ +^Herodotus/Herodotus$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^the/the$ +^historiographer/historiographer$ +^describes/describe$ +^the/the$ +^rites/rite$ +^to/to$ +^have/have$ +^been/be$ +^secret/secret$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +" +^vaguely/*vaguely$ +" +^that/that$ +^these/this$ +^first/first$ +^occurred/occur$ +^after/after$ +^the/the$ +^body/body$ +^had/have$ +^been/be$ +^dragged/drag$ +^around/around$ +^by/by$ +^a/a$ +^dog/dog$ +^or/or$ +^bird/bird$ +^./.$ + +^Further/further$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Magi/*Magi$ +^(/($ +^a/a$ +^term/term$ +^that/that$ +^eventually/eventually$ +^came/come$ +^to/to$ +^signify/*signify$ +^a/a$ +^Zoroastrian/Zoroastrian$ +^priest/priest$ +^but/but$ +^may/may$ +^not/not$ +^have/have$ +^meant/mean$ +^that/that$ +^in/in$ +^Herodotus/Herodotus$ +^'/'/'s$ +^time/time$ +^)/)$ +^practiced/practice$ +^this/this$ +^quite/quite$ +^openly/openly$ +^,/,$ +^before/before$ +^they/prpers$ +^finally/finally$ +^embalmed/embalm$ +^the/the$ +^corpse/corpse$ +^with/with$ +^wax/wax$ +^and/and$ +^laid/lay$ +^it/prpers$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^trench/trench$ +^./.$ + +^While/while$ +^the/the$ +^discovery/discovery$ +^of/of$ +^ossuaries/*ossuaries$ +^in/in$ +^both/both$ +^eastern/eastern$ +^and/and$ +^western/western$ +^Iran/Iran$ +^dating/date$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^5th/5$ +^and/and$ +^4th/4$ +^centuries/century$ +^BCE/*BCE$ +^indicates/indicate$ +^that/that$ +^bones/bone$ +^were/be$ +^isolated/isolate$ +^,/,$ +^that/that$ +^this/this$ +^separation/separation$ +^occurred/occur$ +^through/through$ +^ritual/ritual$ +^exposure/exposure$ +^cannot/can+not$ +^be/be$ +^assumed/assume$ +^:/:$ +^burial/burial$ +^mounds/*mounds$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^the/the$ +^bodies/body$ +^were/be$ +^wrapped/wrap$ +^in/in$ +^wax/wax$ +^,/,$ +^have/have$ +^also/also$ +^been/be$ +^discovered/discover$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^tombs/tomb$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Achaemenid/*Achaemenid$ +^emperors/emperor$ +^at/at$ +^Naqsh-e Rustam/*Naqsh-e Rustam$ +^Rustam/*Rustam$ +^and/and$ +^Pasargadae/*Pasargadae$ +^likewise/likewise$ +^suggest/suggest$ +^non/non$ +^-/-$ +^exposure/exposure$ +^,/,$ +^at/at$ +^least/least$ +^until/until$ +^the/the$ +^bones/bone$ +^could/can$ +^be/be$ +^collected/collect$ +^./.$ + +^According/according$ +^to/to$ +^legend/legend$ +^(/($ +^incorporated/incorporate$ +^by/by$ +^Ferdowsi/*Ferdowsi$ +^into/into$ +^his/his$ +^Shahnameh/*Shahnameh$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^Zoroaster/*Zoroaster$ +^is/be$ +^himself/himself$ +^interred/*interred$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^tomb/tomb$ +^at/at$ +^Balkh/*Balkh$ +^(/($ +^in/in$ +^present-day/present-day$ +^Afghanistan/Afghanistan$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^While/while$ +^general/general$ +^exposure/exposure$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^dead/dead$ +^is/be$ +^attested/attest$ +^from/from$ +^earliest/early$ +^accounts/account$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^ritual/ritual$ +^customs/customs$ +^surrounding/surround$ +^that/that$ +^practice/practice$ +^appear/appear$ +^to/to$ +^date/date$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Sassanid/*Sassanid$ +^era/era$ +^(/($ +^3rd/3$ +^–/–$ +^7th/7$ +^century/century$ +^CE/*CE$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^They/prpers$ +^are/be$ +^known/know$ +^in/in$ +^detail/detail$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^supplement/supplement$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Sayest/*Sayest$ +^ne/*ne$ +^Sayest/*Sayest$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^two/two$ +^Rivayat/*Rivayat$ +^collections/collection$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^two/two$ +^Saddars/*Saddars$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^use/use$ +^of/of$ +^towers/tower$ +^is/be$ +^first/first$ +^attested/attest$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^16th/16$ +^century/century$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^the/the$ +^Iranian/iranian$ +^Zoroastrian/Zoroastrian$ +^tradition/tradition$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^towers/tower$ +^were/be$ +^built/build$ +^atop/atop$ +^hills/hill$ +^or/or$ +^low/low$ +^mountains/mountain$ +^in/in$ +^desert/desert$ +^locations/location$ +^far/far$ +^from/from$ +^population/population$ +^centres/centre$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^the/the$ +^early/early$ +^twentieth/twentieth$ +^century/century$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Iranian/iranian$ +^Zoroastrians/Zoroastrians$ +^gradually/gradually$ +^discontinued/discontinue$ +^their/their$ +^use/use$ +^and/and$ +^began/begin$ +^to/to$ +^favour/favour$ +^burial/burial$ +^or/or$ +^cremation/cremation$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^decision/decision$ +^to/to$ +^change/change$ +^the/the$ +^system/system$ +^was/be$ +^accelerated/accelerate$ +^by/by$ +^three/three$ +^considerations/consideration$ +^:/:$ +^The/the$ +^first/first$ +^problem/problem$ +^arose/arise$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^establishment/establishment$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Dar-ul Funun/*Dar-ul Funun$ +^medical/medical$ +^school/school$ +^./.$ + +^Since/since/since$ +^Islam/*Islam$ +^considers/consider$ +^unnecessary/unnecessary$ +^dissection/dissection$ +^of/of$ +^corpses/corpse$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^form/form/form/form$ +^of/of$ +^mutilation/mutilation$ +^,/,$ +^thus/thus$ +^forbidding/forbid$ +^it/prpers$ +^,/,$ +^there/there$ +^were/be$ +^no/no$ +^corpses/corpse$ +^for/for$ +^study/study$ +^available/available$ +^through/through$ +^official/official$ +^channels/channel$ +^./.$ + +^Dakhmas/*Dakhmas$ +^were/be$ +^repeatedly/repeatedly$ +^broken/break$ +^into/into$ +^,/,$ +^much/much$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^dismay/dismay$ +^and/and$ +^humiliation/humiliation$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Zoroastrian/Zoroastrian$ +^community/community$ +^./.$ + +^Secondly/secondly$ +^,/,$ +^while/while$ +^the/the$ +^towers/tower$ +^had/have$ +^originally/originally$ +^been/be$ +^built/build$ +^away/away$ +^from/from$ +^population/population$ +^centres/centre$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^growth/growth$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^towns/town$ +^led/lead$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^towers/tower$ +^now/now$ +^being/be$ +^within/within$ +^city/city$ +^limits/limit$ +^./.$ + +^Finally/finally$ +^,/,$ +^many/many$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Zoroastrians/Zoroastrians$ +^themselves/themselves$ +^found/find$ +^the/the$ +^system/system$ +^outdated/*outdated$ +^./.$ + +^Following/follow$ +^extended/extend$ +^negotiations/negotiation$ +^between/between$ +^the/the$ +^anjuman/*anjuman$ +^societies/society$ +^of/of$ +^Yazd/*Yazd$ +^,/,$ +^Kerman/*Kerman$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^Tehran/Tehran$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^latter/latter$ +^gained/gain$ +^a/a$ +^majority/majority$ +^and/and$ +^substituted/substitute$ +^the/the$ +^dakhma/*dakhma$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^cemetery/cemetery$ +^some/some$ +^10/10$ +^km/km/km$ +^from/from$ +^Tehran/Tehran$ +^at/at$ +^Ghassr-e Firouezh/*Ghassr-e Firouezh$ +^(/($ +^Firouzeh/*Firouzeh$ +^'s/'s/be$ +^Palace/palace$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^graves/grave$ +^were/be$ +^lined/line$ +^with/with$ +^rocks/rock$ +^and/and$ +^plastered/plaster$ +^with/with$ +^cement/cement$ +^to/to$ +^prevent/prevent$ +^direct/direct$ +^contact/contact$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^earth/earth$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^Yazd/*Yazd$ +^and/and$ +^Kerman/*Kerman$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^addition/addition$ +^to/to$ +^cemeteries/cemetery$ +^,/,$ +^orthodox/*orthodox$ +^Zoroastrians/Zoroastrians$ +^continued/continue$ +^to/to$ +^maintain/maintain$ +^a/a$ +^dakhma/*dakhma$ +^until/until$ +^the/the$ +^1970s/1970s$ +^when/when$ +^the/the$ +^dakhmas/*dakhmas$ +^were/be$ +^shut/shut$ +^down/down$ +^by/by$ +^law/law$ +^./.$ + +^Following/follow$ +^the/the$ +^rapid/rapid$ +^expansion/expansion$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Indian/indian$ +^cities/city$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^squat/squat$ +^buildings/building$ +^are/be$ +^today/today$ +^in/in$ +^or/or$ +^near/near$ +^population/population$ +^centres/centre$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^separated/separate$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^metropolitan/metropolitan$ +^bustle/bustle$ +^by/by$ +^forest/forest$ +^gardens/garden$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^Parsi/*Parsi$ +^Zoroastrian/Zoroastrian$ +^tradition/tradition$ +^,/,$ +^exposure/exposure$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^dead/dead$ +^is/be$ +^additionally/additionally$ +^considered/consider$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^an/a$ +^individual/individual$ +^'s/'s/be$ +^final/final$ +^act/act$ +^of/of$ +^charity/charity$ +^,/,$ +^providing/provide$ +^the/the$ +^birds/bird$ +^with/with$ +^what/what$ +^would/would$ +^otherwise/*otherwise$ +^be/be$ +^destroyed/destroy$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^the/the$ +^several/several$ +^decades/decade$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^late/late$ +^twentieth/twentieth$ +^and/and$ +^early/early$ +^twenty-first/twenty-first$ +^century/century$ +^the/the$ +^population/population$ +^of/of$ +^birds/bird$ +^of/of$ +^prey/prey$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^Indian/indian$ +^subcontinent/*subcontinent$ +^declined/decline$ +^,/,$ +^by/by$ +^99.9%/99.9%$ +^as of/as of$ +^2008/2008$ +^,/,$ +^primarily/primarily$ +^due/due$ +^to/to$ +^diclofenac/*diclofenac$ +^poisoning/poisoning$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^birds/bird$ +^following/follow$ +^the/the$ +^introduction/introduction$ +^of/of$ +^that/that$ +^drug/drug$ +^for/for$ +^livestock/livestock$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^1990s/1990s$ +^,/,$ +^until/until$ +^banned/ban$ +^for/for$ +^cattle/cattle$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^Indian/indian$ +^government/government$ +^in/in$ +^2006/2006$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^few/few$ +^surviving/surviving$ +^birds/bird$ +^are/be$ +^often/often$ +^unable/unable$ +^to/to$ +^fully/fully$ +^consume/consume$ +^the/the$ +^bodies/body$ +^./.$ + +^Parsi/*Parsi$ +^communities/community$ +^in/in$ +^India/India$ +^are/be$ +^currently/currently$ +^evaluating/evaluate$ +^captive/captive$ +^breeding/breeding$ +^of/of$ +^vultures/vulture$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^use/use$ +^of/of$ +" +^solar/solar$ +^concentrators/concentrator$ +" +^(/($ +^which/which$ +^are/be$ +^essentially/essentially$ +^large/large$ +^mirrors/mirror$ +^)/)$ +^to/to$ +^accelerate/accelerate$ +^decomposition/decomposition$ +^./.$ + +^Some/some$ +^have/have$ +^been/be$ +^forced/force$ +^to/to$ +^resort/resort$ +^to/to$ +^burial/burial$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^the/the$ +^solar/solar$ +^collectors/collector$ +^only/only$ +^work/work$ +^in/in$ +^clear/clear$ +^weather/weather$ +^./.$ + +^Vultures/vulture$ +^formerly/formerly$ +^disposed/dispose$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^body/body$ +^in/in$ +^minutes/minute$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^no/no$ +^other/other$ +^method/method$ +^has/have$ +^proven/prove$ +^fully/fully$ +^effective/effective$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^right/right$ +^to/to$ +^use/use$ +^the/the$ +^Towers/tower$ +^of/of$ +^Silence/silence$ +^is/be$ +^a/a$ +^much/much$ +^debated/debate$ +^issue/issue$ +^among/among$ +^the/the$ +^Parsi/*Parsi$ +^community/community$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^facilities/facility$ +^are/be$ +^usually/usually$ +^managed/manage$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^anjumans/*anjumans$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^predominantly/predominantly$ +^conservative/conservative$ +^local/local$ +^Zoroastrian/Zoroastrian$ +^associations/association$ +^(/($ +^usually/usually$ +^having/have$ +^five/five$ +^priests/priest$ +^on/on$ +^a/a$ +^nine/nine$ +^-/-$ +^member/member$ +^board/board$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^In accordance with/in accordance with$ +^Indian/indian$ +^statutes/statute$ +^,/,$ +^these/this$ +^associations/association$ +^have/have$ +^domestic/domestic$ +^authority/authority$ +^over/over$ +^trust/trust$ +^properties/property$ +^and/and$ +^have/have$ +^the/the$ +^right/right$ +^to/to$ +^grant/grant$ +^or/or$ +^restrict/restrict$ +^entry/entry$ +^and/and$ +^use/use$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^result/result$ +^that/that$ +^the/the$ +^anjumans/anjuman$ +^frequently/frequently$ +^prohibit/prohibit$ +^the/the$ +^use/use$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^offspring/offspring$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^"/"$ +^mixed/mixed$ +^marriage/marriage$ +^"/"$ +^,/,$ +^that/that$ +^is/be$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^one/one$ +^parent/parent$ +^is/be$ +^a/a$ +^Parsi/Parsi$ +^and/and$ +^the other/the other$ +^is/be$ +^not/not$ +^./.$ Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/faust1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/faust1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/faust1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,1048 @@ +^Faust/Faust$ +^is/be$ +^the/the$ +^protagonist/protagonist$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^classic/classic$ +^German/german$ +^legend/legend$ +^;/;$ +^a/a$ +^highly/highly$ +^successful/successful$ +^scholar/scholar$ +^but/but$ +^one/one$ +^dissatisfied/dissatisfied$ +^with/with$ +^his/his$ +^life/life$ +^who/who$ +^makes/make$ +^a/a$ +^pact/pact$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^Devil/Devil$ +^,/,$ +^exchanging/exchange$ +^his/his$ +^soul/soul$ +^for/for$ +^unlimited/*unlimited$ +^knowledge/knowledge$ +^and/and$ +^worldly/*worldly$ +^pleasures/pleasure$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^legend/legend$ +^has/have$ +^been/be$ +^the/the$ +^basis/basis$ +^for/for$ +^many/many$ +^literary/literary$ +^,/,$ +^artistic/artistic$ +^,/,$ +^cinematic/cinematic$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^musical/musical$ +^works/work$ +^that/that$ +^have/have$ +^reinterpreted/*reinterpreted$ +^it/prpers$ +^through/through$ +^the/the$ +^ages/age$ +^./.$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^adjective/adjective$ +^Faustian/Faustian$ +^imply/imply$ +^a/a$ +^situation/situation$ +^in/in$ +^which/which$ +^an/a$ +^ambitious/ambitious$ +^person/person$ +^surrenders/surrender$ +^moral/moral$ +^integrity/integrity$ +^in order to/in order to$ +^achieve/achieve$ +^power/power$ +^and/and$ +^success/success$ +^for/for$ +^a/a$ +^delimited/delimit$ +^term/term$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^of/of$ +^early/early$ +^books/book$ +^—/—$ +^as well as/as well as$ +^the/the$ +^ballads/*ballads$ +^,/,$ +^dramas/drama$ +^,/,$ +^films/film$ +^and/and$ +^puppet/puppet$ +^-/-$ +^plays/play$ +^which/which$ +^grew/grow$ +^out of/out of$ +^them/prpers$ +^—/—$ +^is/be$ +^irrevocably/*irrevocably$ +^damned/damned$ +^because/because$ +^he/prpers$ +^prefers/prefer$ +^human/human$ +^to/to$ +^divine/divine$ +^knowledge/knowledge$ +^;/;$ +" +^he/prpers$ +^laid/lay$ +^the/the$ +^Holy/Holy$ +^Scriptures/*Scriptures$ +^behind/behind$ +^the/the$ +^door/door$ +^and/and$ +^under/under$ +^the/the$ +^bench/bench$ +^,/,$ +^refused/refuse$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^called/call$ +^doctor/doctor$ +^of/of$ +^Theology/Theology$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^preferred/prefer$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^styled/*styled$ +^doctor/doctor$ +^of/of$ +^Medicine/Medicine$ +" +^./.$ + +^Plays/Play$ +^and/and$ +^comic/comic$ +^puppet/puppet$ +^theatre/theatre$ +^loosely/*loosely$ +^based/base$ +^on/on$ +^this/this$ +^legend/legend$ +^were/be$ +^popular/popular$ +^throughout/throughout$ +^Germany/Germany$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^16th/16$ +^century/century$ +^,/,$ +^often/often$ +^reducing/reduce$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^and/and$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^to/to$ +^figures/figure$ +^of/of$ +^vulgar/vulgar$ +^fun/fun$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^story/story$ +^was/be$ +^popularised/popularise$ +^in/in$ +^England/England$ +^by/by$ +^Christopher/Christopher$ +^Marlowe/*Marlowe$ +^,/,$ +^who/who$ +^gave/give$ +^it/prpers$ +^a/a$ +^classic/classic$ +^treatment/treatment$ +^in/in$ +^his/his$ +^play/play$ +^,/,$ +^The/The$ +^Tragical/*Tragical$ +^History/History$ +^of/of$ +^Doctor/Doctor$ +^Faustus/Faustus$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^Goethe/Goethe$ +^'s/'s$ +^reworking/*reworking$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^story/story$ +^two/two$ +^hundred/hundred$ +^years/year$ +^later/later$ +^,/,$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^becomes/become$ +^a/a$ +^dissatisfied/dissatisfied$ +^intellectual/intellectual$ +^that/that$ +^yearns/yearn$ +^for/for$ +" +^more than/more than$ +^earthly/earthly$ +^meat/meat$ +^and/and$ +^drink/drink$ +" +^in/in$ +^his/his$ +^life/life$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^story/story$ +^may/may$ +^be/be$ +^summarised/*summarised$ +^as/as$ +^follows/follow$ +^:/:$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^is/be$ +^bored/bore$ +^and/and$ +^disappointed/disappoint$ +^./.$ + +^He/Prpers$ +^decides/decide$ +^to/to$ +^call/call$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^Devil/Devil$ +^for/for$ +^further/far$ +^knowledge/knowledge$ +^and/and$ +^magic/magic$ +^powers/power$ +^with/with$ +^which/which$ +^to/to$ +^indulge/*indulge$ +^all/all$ +^the/the$ +^pleasure/pleasure$ +^and/and$ +^knowledge/knowledge$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^world/world$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^response/response$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Devil/Devil$ +^'s/'s$ +^representative/representative$ +^,/,$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^,/,$ +^appears/appear$ +^./.$ +^He/Prpers$ +^makes/make$ +^a/a$ +^bargain/bargain$ +^with/with$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^:/:$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^will/will$ +^serve/serve$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^with/with$ +^his/his$ +^magic/magic$ +^powers/power$ +^for/for$ +^a/a$ +^set/set$ +^number/number$ +^of/of$ +^years/year$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^end/end$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^term/term$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Devil/Devil$ +^will/will$ +^claim/claim$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^'s/'s$ +^soul/soul$ +^and/and$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^will/will$ +^be/be$ +^eternally/*eternally$ +^damned/damned$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^term/term$ +^usually/usually$ +^stipulated/stipulate$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^early/early$ +^tales/tale$ +^is/be$ +^24/24$ +^years/year$ +^—/—$ +^one/one$ +^year/year$ +^for/for$ +^each/each$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^hours/hour$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^day/day$ +^./.$ + +^During/During$ +^the/the$ +^term/term$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^bargain/bargain$ +^,/,$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^makes/make$ +^use/use$ +^of/of$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^in/in$ +^various/various$ +^ways/way$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^many/many/many$ +^versions/version$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^story/story$ +^,/,$ +^particularly/particularly$ +^Goethe/Goethe$ +^'s/'s$ +^drama/drama$ +^,/,$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^helps/help$ +^him/prpers$ +^to/to$ +^seduce/seduce$ +^a/a$ +^beautiful/beautiful$ +^and/and$ +^innocent/innocent$ +^girl/girl$ +^,/,$ +^usually/usually$ +^named/name$ +^Gretchen/Gretchen$ +^,/,$ +^whose/whose$ +^life/life$ +^is/be$ +^ultimately/ultimately$ +^destroyed/destroy$ +^./.$ + +^However/However$ +^,/,$ +^Gretchen/Gretchen$ +^'s/'s$ +^innocence/innocence$ +^saves/save$ +^her/prpers$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^end/end$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^she/prpers$ +^enters/enter$ +^Heaven/Heaven$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^Goethe/Goethe$ +^'s/'s$ +^rendition/*rendition$ +^,/,$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^is/be$ +^saved/save$ +^by/by$ +^God/God$ +^'s/'s$ +^grace/grace$ +^via/via$ +^his/his$ +^constant/constant$ +^striving/*striving$ +^—/—$ +^in/in$ +^combination/combination$ +^with/with$ +^Gretchen/Gretchen$ +^'s/'s$ +^pleadings/*pleadings$ +^with/with$ +^God/God$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^form/form$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Eternal/Eternal$ +^Feminine/Feminine$ +^./.$ + +^However/However$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^early/early$ +^tales/tale$ +^,/,$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^is/be$ +^irrevocably/*irrevocably$ +^corrupted/corrupt$ +^and/and$ +^believes/believe$ +^his/his$ +^sins/sin$ +^cannot/can+not$ +^be/be$ +^forgiven/forgive$ +^;/;$ +^when/when$ +^the/the$ +^term/term$ +^ends/end$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Devil/Devil$ +^carries/carry$ +^him/prpers$ +^off/off$ +^to/to$ +^Hell/Hell$ +^./.$ + +^An/A$ +^important/important$ +^version/version$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^legend/legend$ +^is/be$ +^the/the$ +^play/play$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^,/,$ +^published/publish$ +^in/in$ +^1808/1808$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^German/german$ +^author/author$ +^Johann/Johann$ +^Wolfgang/Wolfgang$ +^von/*von$ +^Goethe/Goethe$ +^./.$ + +^Goethe/Goethe$ +^'s/'s$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^complicates/complicate$ +^the/the$ +^simple/simple$ +^Christian/christian$ +^moral/moral$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^original/original$ +^legend/legend$ +^./.$ + +^A/A$ +^hybrid/hybrid$ +^between/between$ +^a/a$ +^play/play$ +^and/and$ +^an/a$ +^extended/extend$ +^poem/poem$ +^,/,$ +^Goethe/Goethe$ +^'s/'s$ +^two-part/two-part$ +" +^closet/closet$ +^drama/drama$ +" +^is/be$ +^epic/epic$ +^in/in$ +^scope/scope$ +^./.$ + +^It/Prpers$ +^gathers/gather$ +^together/together$ +^references/reference$ +^from/from$ +^Christian/christian$ +^,/,$ +^medieval/medieval$ +^,/,$ +^Roman/Roman$ +^,/,$ +^eastern/eastern$ +^and/and$ +^Hellenic/hellenic$ +^poetry/poetry$ +^,/,$ +^philosophy/philosophy$ +^and/and$ +^literature/literature$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^composition/composition$ +^and/and$ +^refinement/refinement$ +^of/of$ +^Goethe/Goethe$ +^'s/'s$ +^own/own$ +^version/version$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^legend/legend$ +^occupied/occupy$ +^him/prpers$ +^for/for$ +^over/over$ +^sixty/sixty$ +^years/year$ +^(/($ +^though/though$ +^not/not$ +^continuously/continuously$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^final/final$ +^version/version$ +^,/,$ +^published/publish$ +^after/after$ +^his/his$ +^death/death$ +^,/,$ +^is/be$ +^recognised/recognise$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^great/great$ +^work/work$ +^of/of$ +^German/german$ +^literature/literature$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^story/story$ +^concerns/concern$ +^the/the$ +^fate/fate$ +^of/of$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^in/in$ +^his/his$ +^quest/quest$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^true/true$ +^essence/essence$ +^of/of$ +^life/life$ +^(/($ +" +^was/*was$ +^die/*die$ +^Welt/*Welt$ +^im/*im$ +^Innersten/*Innersten$ +^zusammenhält/*zusammenhält$ +" +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^Frustrated/Frustrate$ +^with/with$ +^learning/learning$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^limits/limit$ +^to/to$ +^his/his$ +^knowledge/knowledge$ +^,/,$ +^power/power$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^enjoyment/enjoyment$ +^of/of$ +^life/life$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^attracts/attract$ +^the/the$ +^attention/attention$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Devil/Devil$ +^(/($ +^represented/represent$ +^by/by$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^who/who$ +^agrees/agree$ +^to/to$ +^serve/serve$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^until/until$ +^the/the$ +^moment/moment$ +^he/prpers$ +^attains/attain$ +^the/the$ +^zenith/zenith$ +^of/of$ +^human/human$ +^happiness/happiness$ +^,/,$ +^such/such$ +^that/that$ +^he/prpers$ +^cries/cry$ +^out/out$ +^to/to$ +^that/that$ +^moment/moment$ +^to/to$ +" +^stay/stay$ +^,/,$ +^thou/thou$ +^art/be$ +^so/so$ +^beautiful/beautiful$ +^!/!$ +" +^(/($ +^Faust/Faust$ +^,/,$ +^I/I$ +^,/,$ +^l. 1700/l. 1700$ +^)/)$ +^—/—$ +^at/at$ +^which/which$ +^point/point$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^may/may$ +^take/take$ +^his/his$ +^soul/soul$ +^./.$ + +^Faust/Faust$ +^is/be$ +^pleased/please$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^deal/deal$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^he/prpers$ +^believes/believe$ +^this/this$ +^happy/happy$ +^zenith/zenith$ +^will/will$ +^never/never$ +^come/come$ +^./.$ + +^In/In$ +^the/the$ +^first/first$ +^part/part$ +^,/,$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^leads/lead/lead$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^through/through$ +^experiences/experience/experience$ +^that/that$ +^culminate/culminate$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^lustful/*lustful$ +^relationship/relationship$ +^with/with$ +^Gretchen/Gretchen$ +^,/,$ +^an/a$ +^innocent/innocent$ +^young/young$ +^woman/woman$ +^./.$ + +^Gretchen/Gretchen$ +^and/and$ +^her/her$ +^family/family$ +^are/be$ +^destroyed/destroy$ +^by/by$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^'/'s$ +^deceptions/deception$ +^and/and$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^'s/'s$ +^desires/desire$ +^./.$ + +^Part/Part$ +^one/one$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^story/story$ +^ends/end$ +^in/in$ +^tragedy/tragedy$ +^for/for$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^Gretchen/Gretchen$ +^is/be$ +^saved/save$ +^but/but$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^is/be$ +^left/leave$ +^to/to$ +^grieve/grieve$ +^in/in$ +^shame/shame$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^second/second$ +^part/part$ +^begins/begin$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^spirits/spirit$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^earth/earth$ +^forgiving/forgive$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^(/($ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^rest/rest$ +^of/of$ +^mankind/mankind$ +^)/)$ +^and/and$ +^progresses/progress$ +^into/into$ +^allegorical/allegorical$ +^poetry/poetry$ +^./.$ + +^Faust/Faust$ +^and/and$ +^his/his$ +^Devil/Devil$ +^pass/pass$ +^through/through$ +^and/and$ +^manipulate/manipulate$ +^the/the$ +^world/world$ +^of/of$ +^politics/politics$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^world/world$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^classical/classical$ +^gods/god$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^meet/meet$ +^with/with$ +^Helen/Helen$ +^of/of$ +^Troy/Troy$ +^(/($ +^the/the$ +^personification/personification$ +^of/of$ +^beauty/beauty$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^Finally/Finally$ +^,/,$ +^having/have$ +^succeeded/succeed$ +^in/in$ +^taming/tame$ +^the/the$ +^very/very$ +^forces/force$ +^of/of$ +^war/war$ +^and/and$ +^nature/nature$ +^,/,$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^experiences/experience$ +^a/a$ +^singular/singular$ +^moment/moment$ +^of/of$ +^happiness/happiness$ +^./.$ + +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^tries/try$ +^to/to$ +^seize/seize$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^'s/'s$ +^soul/soul$ +^when/when$ +^he/prpers$ +^dies/die$ +^after/after$ +^this/this/this$ +^moment/moment$ +^of/of$ +^happiness/happiness$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^is/be$ +^frustrated/frustrate$ +^and/and$ +^enraged/*enraged$ +^when/when$ +^angels/angel$ +^intervene/intervene$ +^due/due$ +^to/to$ +^God/God$ +^'s/'s$ +^grace/grace$ +^./.$ + +^Though/Though$ +^this/this$ +^grace/grace$ +^is/be$ +^truly/truly$ +^'/'$ +^gratuitous/*gratuitous$ +^'/'$ +^and/and$ +^does/do$ +^not/not$ +^condone/condone$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^'s/'s$ +^frequent/frequent$ +^errors/error$ +^perpetrated/*perpetrated$ +^with/with$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^angels/angel$ +^state/state$ +^that/that$ +^this/this$ +^grace/grace$ +^can/can$ +^only/only$ +^occur/occur$ +^because/because$ +^of/of$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^'s/'s$ +^unending/*unending$ +^striving/*striving$ +^and/and$ +^due/due$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^intercession/*intercession$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^forgiving/forgive$ +^Gretchen/Gretchen$ +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^final/final$ +^scene/scene$ +^has/have$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^'s/'s$ +^soul/soul$ +^carried/carry$ +^to/to$ +^heaven/heaven$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^presence/presence$ +^of/of$ +^God/God$ +^as/as$ +^the/the$ +" +^Holy/Holy$ +^Virgin/Virgin$ +^,/,$ +^Mother/Mother$ +^,/,$ +^Queen/Queen$ +^,/,$ +^Goddess/Goddess$ +^.../...$ +^The/The$ +^Eternal/Eternal$ +^Feminine/Feminine$ +" +^./.$ + +^The/The$ +^Goddess/Goddess$ +^is/be$ +^thus/thus$ +^victorious/victorious$ +^over/over$ +^Mephistopheles/Mephistopheles$ +^,/,$ +^who/who$ +^had/have$ +^insisted/insist$ +^at/at$ +^Faust/Faust$ +^'s/'s$ +^death/death$ +^that/that$ +^he/prpers$ +^would/would$ +^be/be$ +^consigned/consign$ +^to/to$ +" +^The/The$ +^Eternal/Eternal$ +^Empty/Empty$ +" +^./.$ Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/pirates.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/pirates.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/pirates.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,323 @@ +^After/After$ +^a/a$ +^failed/failed$ +^attempt/attempt$ +^to/to$ +^rescue/rescue$ +^his/his$ +^first/first$ +^mate/mate$ +^,/,$ +^Joshamee/*Joshamee$ +^Gibbs/Gibbs$ +^(/($ +^Kevin/Kevin$ +^McNally/*McNally$ +^)/)$ +^in/in$ +^London/London$ +^,/,$ +^Captain/Captain$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^Sparrow/*Sparrow$ +^(/($ +^Johnny/Johnny$ +^Depp/Depp$ +^)/)$ +^is/be$ +^brought/bring$ +^before/before$ +^King/King$ +^George/George$ +^II/II$ +^(/($ +^Richard/Richard$ +^Griffiths/Griffiths$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^who/who$ +^wants/want$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^to/to$ +^guide/guide$ +^an/a$ +^expedition/expedition$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Fountain/Fountain$ +^of/of$ +^Youth/Youth$ +^before/before$ +^the/the$ +^Spanish/Spanish$ +^locate/locate$ +^it/prpers$ +^./.$ +^Heading/Head$ +^the/the$ +^expedition/expedition$ +^is/be$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^'s/'s$ +^old/old$ +^nemesis/*nemesis$ +^,/,$ +^Captain/Captain$ +^Hector/Hector$ +^Barbossa/*Barbossa$ +^(/($ +^Geoffrey/Geoffrey$ +^Rush/Rush$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^now/now$ +^a/a$ +^privateer/*privateer$ +^in/in/in$ +^service/service$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Royal/Royal$ +^Navy/Navy$ +^after/after$ +^losing/lose$ +^his/his$ +^leg/leg$ +^and/and$ +^ship/ship$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Black/Black$ +^Pearl/Pearl$ +^./.$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^escapes/escape$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^his/his$ +^father/father$ +^,/,$ +^Captain/Captain$ +^Teague/*Teague$ +^(/($ +^Keith/Keith$ +^Richards/Richards$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^finds/find$ +^him/prpers$ +^and/and$ +^warns/warn$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^about/about$ +^the/the$ +^Fountain/Fountain$ +^'s/'s$ +^tests/test$ +^./.$ +^He/Prpers$ +^also/also$ +^reveals/reveal$ +^that/that$ +^someone/someone$ +^is/be$ +^impersonating/*impersonating$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^./.$ +^The/The$ +^impostor/*impostor$ +^is/be$ +^Angelica/Angelica$ +^(/($ +^Penélope/*Penélope$ +^Cruz/Cruz$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^'s/'s$ +^former/former$ +^lover/lover$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^daughter/daughter$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^ruthless/ruthless$ +^pirate/pirate$ +^Blackbeard/*Blackbeard$ +^(/($ +^Ian/Ian$ +^McShane/*McShane$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^who/who$ +^practices/practice$ +^voodoo/*voodoo$ +^magic/magic$ +^and/and$ +^wields/wield$ +^a/a$ +^magical/*magical$ +^sword/sword$ +^that/that$ +^controls/control$ +^his/his$ +^ship/ship$ +^./.$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^is/be$ +^taken/take$ +^aboard/*aboard$ +^Blackbeard/*Blackbeard$ +^'s/'s$ +^ship/ship$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^Queen/Queen$ +^Anne/Anne$ +^'s/'s$ +^Revenge/Revenge$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^forced/force$ +^to/to$ +^lead/lead$ +^the/the$ +^way/way$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Fountain/Fountain$ +^and/and$ +^find/find$ +^two/two$ +^silver/silver$ +^chalices/chalice$ +^that/that$ +^once/once$ +^belonged/belong$ +^to/to$ +^Juan/Juan$ +^Ponce/*Ponce$ +^de/de$ +^León/León$ +^,/,$ +^both/both$ +^believed/believe$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^aboard/*aboard$ +^his/his$ +^lost/lost$ +^ship/ship$ +^./.$ +^The/The$ +^Fountain/Fountain$ +^'s/'s$ +^water/water$ +^must/must$ +^be/be$ +^drunk/drink$ +^simultaneously/simultaneously$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^two/two$ +^chalices/chalice$ +^./.$ +^The/The$ +^person/person$ +^drinking/drink$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^chalice/chalice$ +^containing/contain$ +^a/a$ +^mermaid/*mermaid$ +^'s/'s$ +^tear/tear$ +^has/have$ +^their/their$ +^life/life$ +^extended/extend$ +^,/,$ +^while/while$ +^the/the$ +^other/other$ +^person/person$ +^dies/die$ +^,/,$ +^their/their$ +^life/life$ +^drained/*drained$ +^from/from$ +^their/their$ +^body/body$ +^and/and$ +^their/their$ +^remaining/remaining$ +^years/year$ +^'/'$ +^donated/donate$ +^'/'$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^other/other$ +^./.$ +^Meanwhile/Meanwhile$ +^,/,$ +^Gibbs/Gibbs$ +^narrowly/*narrowly$ +^escapes/escape$ +^execution/execution$ +^by/by$ +^memorizing/*memorizing$ +^and/and$ +^destroying/destroy$ +^Jack/Jack$ +^'s/'s$ +^map/map$ +^,/,$ +^forcing/force$ +^Barbossa/*Barbossa$ +^to/to$ +^spare/spare$ +^him/prpers$ +^so/so$ +^he/prpers$ +^could/can$ +^navigate/*navigate$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Fountain/Fountain$ +^./.$ +^Blackbeard/*Blackbeard$ +^seeks/seek$ +^the/the$ +^Fountain/Fountain$ +^'s/'s$ +^power/power$ +^to/to$ +^circumvent/*circumvent$ +^his/his$ +^predestined/*predestined$ +^fatal/fatal$ +^encounter/encounter$ +^with/with$ +^"/parquote$ +^a/a$ +^one/one$ +^-/-$ +^legged/*legged$ +^man/man$ +^,/,$ +^"/parquote$ +^(/($ +^Barbossa/*Barbossa$ +^)/)$ +^and/and$ +^sets/set$ +^a/a$ +^course/course$ +^for/for$ +^Whitecap/*Whitecap$ +^Bay/Bay$ +^./.$ Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/transmission1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/transmission1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/transmission1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,1775 @@ +^Manual/manual$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^often/often$ +^feature/feature$ +^a/a$ +^driver/driver$ +^-/-$ +^operated/operate$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^and/and$ +^a/a$ +^movable/movable$ +^gear/gear$ +^stick/stick$ +^./.$ + +^Most/most$ +^automobile/automobile$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^allow/allow$ +^the/the$ +^driver/driver$ +^to/to$ +^select/select$ +^any/any$ +^forward/forward$ +^gear/gear$ +^ratio/ratio$ +^(/($ +" +^gear/gear$ +" +^)/)$ +^at/at$ +^any/any$ +^time/time$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^some/some$ +^,/,$ +^such/such$ +^as/as$ +^those/that$ +^commonly/commonly$ +^mounted/mount$ +^on/on$ +^motorcycles/motorcycle$ +^and/and$ +^some/some$ +^types/type$ +^of/of$ +^racing/race$ +^cars/car$ +^,/,$ +^only/only$ +^allow/allow$ +^the/the$ +^driver/driver$ +^to/to$ +^select/select$ +^the/the$ +^next/next$ +^-/-$ +^higher/high$ +^or/or$ +^next/next$ +^-/-$ +^lower/low$ +^gear/gear$ +^./.$ + +^This/this$ +^type/type$ +^of/of$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^is/be$ +^sometimes/sometimes$ +^called/call$ +^a/a$ +^sequential/sequential$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^way/way$ +^a/a$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^works/work$ +^is/be$ +^that/that$ +^the/the$ +^flywheel/flywheel$ +^is/be$ +^attached/attach$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^disk/disk$ +^is/be$ +^in/in$ +^between/between$ +^the/the$ +^pressure/pressure$ +^plate/plate$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^flywheel/flywheel$ +^./.$ + +^When/when$ +^running/run$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^disk/disk$ +^spins/spin$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^flywheel/flywheel$ +^./.$ + +^As/as$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^pedal/pedal$ +^is/be$ +^depressed/depress$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^throw/throw$ +^out/out$ +^bearing/bearing$ +^is/be$ +^pushed/push$ +^in/in$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^makes/make$ +^the/the$ +^pressure/pressure$ +^plate/plate$ +^stop/stop$ +^applying/apply$ +^pressure/pressure$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^disk/disk$ +^./.$ + +^This/this$ +^makes/make$ +^it/prpers$ +^stop/stop$ +^receiving/receive$ +^power/power$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^so that/so that$ +^the/the$ +^gear/gear$ +^can/can$ +^be/be$ +^shifted/shift$ +^without/without$ +^damaging/damage$ +^the/the$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^./.$ + +^When/when$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^pedal/pedal$ +^is/be$ +^released/release$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^disk/disk$ +^is/be$ +^allowed/allow$ +^to/to$ +^start/start$ +^receiving/receive$ +^power/power$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^./.$ + +^Manual/manual$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^are/be$ +^characterised/characterise$ +^by/by$ +^gear/gear$ +^ratios/ratio$ +^that/that$ +^are/be$ +^selectable/selectable$ +^by/by$ +^locking/lock$ +^selected/select$ +^gear/gear$ +^pairs/pair$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^output/output$ +^shaft/shaft$ +^inside/inside$ +^the/the$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^./.$ + +^Conversely/conversely$ +^,/,$ +^most/most$ +^automatic/automatic$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^feature/feature$ +^epicyclic/*epicyclic$ +^(/($ +^planetary/planetary$ +^)/)$ +^gearing/*gearing$ +^controlled/control$ +^by/by$ +^brake/brake$ +^bands/band$ +^and/and$ +^\//*\/$ +^or/or$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^packs/pack$ +^to/to$ +^select/select$ +^gear/gear$ +^ratio/ratio$ +^./.$ + +^Automatic/automatic$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^that/that$ +^allow/allow$ +^the/the$ +^driver/driver$ +^to/to$ +^manually/manually$ +^select/select$ +^the/the$ +^current/current$ +^gear/gear$ +^are/be$ +^called/call$ +^Manumatics/*Manumatics$ +^./.$ + +^A/a$ +^manual/manual/manual$ +^-/-$ +^style/style$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^operated/operate$ +^by/by$ +^computer/computer$ +^is/be$ +^often/often$ +^called/call$ +^an/a$ +^automated/automate$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^rather than/rather than$ +^an/a$ +^automatic/automatic$ +^./.$ + +^Contemporary/contemporary$ +^automobile/automobile$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^typically/typically$ +^use/use$ +^four/four$ +^to/to$ +^six/six$ +^forward/forward$ +^gears/gear$ +^and/and$ +^one/one$ +^reverse/reverse$ +^gear/gear$ +^,/,$ +^although/although$ +^automobile/automobile$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^have/have$ +^been/be$ +^built/build$ +^with/with$ +^as/as$ +^few/few$ +^as/as$ +^two/two$ +^and/and$ +^as/as$ +^many/many$ +^as/as$ +^eight/eight$ +^gears/gear$ +^./.$ + +^Transmission/transmission$ +^for/for$ +^heavy/heavy$ +^lorries/lorry$ +^and/and$ +^other/other$ +^heavy/heavy$ +^equipment/equipment$ +^usually/usually$ +^have/have$ +^at/at$ +^least/least$ +^9/9$ +^gears/gear$ +^so/so$ +^the/the$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^can/can$ +^offer/offer$ +^both/both$ +^a/a$ +^wide/wide$ +^range/range$ +^of/of$ +^gears/gear$ +^and/and$ +^close/close$ +^gear/gear$ +^ratios/ratio$ +^to/to$ +^keep/keep$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^running/run$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^power/power$ +^band/band$ +^./.$ + +^Some/some$ +^heavy/heavy$ +^vehicle/vehicle$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^have/have$ +^dozens/dozen$ +^of/of$ +^gears/gear$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^many/many$ +^are/be$ +^duplicates/duplicate$ +^,/,$ +^introduced/introduce$ +^as/as$ +^an/a$ +^accident/accident$ +^of/of$ +^combining/combine$ +^gear/gear$ +^sets/set$ +^,/,$ +^or/or$ +^introduced/introduce$ +^to/to$ +^simplify/simplify$ +^shifting/shift$ +^./.$ + +^Some/some$ +^manuals/manual$ +^are/be$ +^referred/refer$ +^to/to$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^number/number$ +^of/of$ +^forward/forward$ +^gears/gear$ +^they/prpers$ +^offer/offer$ +^(/($ +^e.g./e.g.$ +^,/,$ +^5/5$ +^-/-$ +^speed/speed$ +^)/)$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^way/way$ +^of/of$ +^distinguishing/distinguish$ +^between/between$ +^automatic/automatic$ +^or/or$ +^other/other$ +^available/available$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^./.$ + +^Similarly/similarly$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^5/5$ +^-/-$ +^speed/speed$ +^automatic/automatic$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^is/be$ +^referred/refer$ +^to/to$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +" +^5/5$ +^-/-$ +^speed/speed$ +^automatic/automatic$ +" +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^earliest/early$ +^form/form$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^is/be$ +^thought/think$ +^to/to$ +^have/have$ +^been/be$ +^invented/invent$ +^by/by$ +^Louis/Louis$ +^-/-$ +^René/René$ +^Panhard/Panhard$ +^and/and$ +^Emile/Emile$ +^Levassor/Levassor$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^late/late$ +^19th/19$ +^century/century$ +^./.$ + +^This/this$ +^type/type$ +^of/of$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^offered/offer$ +^multiple/multiple/multiple$ +^gear/gear$ +^ratios/ratio$ +^and/and$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^most/most$ +^cases/case$ +^,/,$ +^reverse/reverse$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^gears/gear$ +^were/be$ +^typically/typically$ +^engaged/engage$ +^by/by$ +^sliding/sliding$ +^them/prpers$ +^on/on/on$ +^their/their$ +^shafts/shaft$ +^(/($ +^hence/hence$ +^the/the$ +^phrase/phrase$ +^shifting/shift$ +^gears/gear$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^required/require$ +^careful/careful$ +^timing/time$ +^and/and$ +^throttle/throttle$ +^manipulation/manipulation$ +^when/when$ +^shifting/shift$ +^,/,$ +^so/so$ +^the/the$ +^gears/gear$ +^would/would$ +^be/be$ +^spinning/spin$ +^at/at$ +^roughly/roughly$ +^the/the$ +^same/same$ +^speed/speed$ +^when/when$ +^engaged/engage$ +^;/;$ +^otherwise/otherwise$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^teeth/tooth$ +^would/would$ +^refuse/refuse$ +^to/to$ +^mesh/mesh$ +^./.$ + +^These/this$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^are/be$ +^called/call$ +^sliding/sliding$ +^mesh/mesh$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^or/or$ +^sometimes/sometimes$ +^crash/crash$ +^boxes/box$ +^,/,$ +^because/because$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^difficulty/difficulty$ +^in/in$ +^changing/change$ +^gears/gear$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^loud/loud$ +^grinding/grind$ +^sound/sound$ +^that/that$ +^often/often$ +^accompanied/accompany$ +^./.$ + +^Newer/new$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^on/on$ +^cars/car$ +^have/have$ +^all/all$ +^gears/gear$ +^mesh/mesh$ +^at/at$ +^all/all$ +^times/time$ +^and/and$ +^are/be$ +^referred/refer$ +^to/to$ +^as/as$ +^constant/constant$ +^-/-$ +^mesh/mesh$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +" +^synchro-mesh/synchro-mesh$ +" +^being/be$ +^a/a$ +^further/far$ +^refinement/refinement$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^constant/constant$ +^mesh/mesh$ +^principle/principle$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^both/both$ +^types/type$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^particular/particular$ +^gear/gear$ +^combination/combination$ +^can/can$ +^only/only$ +^be/be$ +^engaged/engage$ +^when/when$ +^the/the$ +^two/two$ +^parts/part$ +^to/to$ +^engage/engage$ +^(/($ +^either/either$ +^gears/gear$ +^or/or$ +^clutches/clutch$ +^)/)$ +^are/be$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^same/same$ +^speed/speed$ +^./.$ + +^To/to$ +^shift/shift$ +^to/to$ +^a/a$ +^higher/high$ +^gear/gear$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^is/be$ +^put/put$ +^in/in$ +^neutral/neutral$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^allowed/allow$ +^to/to$ +^slow/slow$ +^down/down$ +^until/until$ +^the/the$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^parts/part$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^next/next$ +^gear/gear$ +^are/be$ +^at/at$ +^a/a$ +^proper/proper$ +^speed/speed$ +^to/to$ +^engage/engage$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^vehicle/vehicle$ +^also/also$ +^slows/slow$ +^while/while$ +^in/in$ +^neutral/neutral$ +^and/and$ +^that/that$ +^slows/slow$ +^other/other$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^parts/part$ +^,/,$ +^so/so$ +^the/the$ +^time/time$ +^in/in$ +^neutral/neutral$ +^depends/depend$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^grade/grade$ +^,/,$ +^wind/wind$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^other/other$ +^such/such$ +^factors/factor$ +^./.$ + +^To/to$ +^shift/shift$ +^to/to$ +^a/a$ +^lower/low$ +^gear/gear$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^is/be$ +^put/put$ +^in/in$ +^neutral/neutral$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^throttle/throttle$ +^is/be$ +^used/use$ +^to/to$ +^speed/speed$ +^up/up$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^and/and$ +^thus/thus$ +^the/the$ +^relevant/relevant$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^parts/part$ +^,/,$ +^to/to$ +^match/match$ +^speeds/speed$ +^for/for$ +^engaging/engage$ +^the/the$ +^next/next$ +^lower/low$ +^gear/gear$ +^./.$ + +^For/for$ +^both/both$ +^upshifts/*upshifts$ +^and/and$ +^downshifts/*downshifts$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^is/be$ +^released/release$ +^(/($ +^engaged/engage$ +^)/)$ +^while/while$ +^in/in$ +^neutral/neutral$ +^./.$ + +^Some/some$ +^drivers/driver$ +^use/use$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^only/only$ +^for/for$ +^starting/start$ +^from/from$ +^a/a$ +^stop/stop$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^shifts/shift$ +^are/be$ +^done/do$ +^without/without$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^./.$ + +^Other/other$ +^drivers/driver$ +^will/will$ +^depress/depress$ +^(/($ +^disengage/disengage$ +^)/)$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^,/,$ +^shift/shift$ +^to/to$ +^neutral/neutral$ +^,/,$ +^then/then$ +^engage/engage$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^momentarily/momentarily$ +^to/to$ +^force/force$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^parts/part$ +^to/to$ +^match/match$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^speed/speed$ +^,/,$ +^then/then$ +^depress/depress$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^again/again$ +^to/to$ +^shift/shift$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^next/next$ +^gear/gear$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^process/process$ +^called/call$ +^double/double$ +^clutching/clutch$ +^./.$ + +^Double/double$ +^clutching/clutch$ +^is/be$ +^easier/easy$ +^to/to$ +^get/get$ +^smooth/smooth$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^speeds/speed$ +^that/that$ +^are/be$ +^close/close$ +^but/but$ +^not/not$ +^quite/quite$ +^matched/match$ +^need/need$ +^to/to$ +^speed/speed$ +^up/up$ +^or/or$ +^slow/slow$ +^down/down$ +^only/only$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^parts/part$ +^,/,$ +^whereas/whereas$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^engaged/engage$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^,/,$ +^mismatched/*mismatched$ +^speeds/speed$ +^are/be$ +^fighting/fight$ +^the/the$ +^rotational/rotational$ +^inertia/inertia$ +^and/and$ +^power/power$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^engine/engine$ +^./.$ + +^Even though/even though$ +^automobile/automobile$ +^and/and$ +^light/light$ +^lorry/lorry$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^are/be$ +^now/now$ +^almost/almost$ +^universally/universally$ +^synchronised/synchronise$ +^,/,$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^for/for$ +^heavy/heavy$ +^lorries/lorry$ +^and/and$ +^machinery/machinery$ +^,/,$ +^motorcycles/motorcycle$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^for/for$ +^dedicated/dedicate$ +^racing/race$ +^are/be$ +^usually/usually$ +^not/not$ +^./.$ + +^Non-synchronised/non-synchronised$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^designs/design$ +^are/be$ +^used/use$ +^for/for$ +^several/several$ +^reasons/reason$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^friction/friction$ +^material/material$ +^,/,$ +^such as/such as$ +^brass/brass$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^synchronisers/synchroniser$ +^is/be$ +^more/more$ +^prone/*prone$ +^to/to$ +^wear/wear$ +^and/and$ +^breakage/breakage$ +^than/than$ +^gears/gear$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^are/be$ +^forged/forge$ +^steel/steel$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^simplicity/simplicity$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^mechanism/mechanism$ +^improves/improve$ +^reliability/reliability$ +^and/and$ +^reduces/reduce$ +^cost/cost$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^addition/addition$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^process/process$ +^of/of$ +^shifting/shift$ +^a/a$ +^synchromesh/*synchromesh$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^is/be$ +^slower/slow$ +^than/than$ +^that/that$ +^of/of$ +^shifting/shift$ +^a/a$ +^non/non$ +^-/-$ +^synchromesh/*synchromesh$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^./.$ + +^For/for$ +^racing/race$ +^of/of$ +^production/production$ +^-/-$ +^based/base$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^,/,$ +^sometimes/sometimes$ +^half/half$ +^the/the$ +^teeth/tooth$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^dog/dog$ +^clutches/clutch$ +^are/be$ +^removed/remove$ +^to/to$ +^speed/speed$ +^the/the$ +^shifting/shift$ +^process/process$ +^,/,$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^expense/expense$ +^of/of$ +^greater/great$ +^wear/wear$ +^./.$ + +^Heavy/heavy$ +^duty/duty$ +^lorries/lorry$ +^often/often$ +^use/use$ +^unsynchronised/unsynchronised$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^,/,$ +^though/though$ +^military/military$ +^lorries/lorry$ +^usually/usually$ +^have/have$ +^synchronised/synchronise/synchronise$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^,/,$ +^allowing/allow$ +^untrained/untrained$ +^personnel/personnel$ +^to/to$ +^operate/operate$ +^them/prpers$ +^in/in$ +^emergencies/emergency$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^the/the$ +^United States/United States$ +^,/,$ +^traffic/traffic$ +^safety/safety$ +^rules/rule$ +^refer/refer$ +^to/to$ +^non-synchronous/non-synchronous$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^in/in$ +^classes/class$ +^of/of$ +^larger/large$ +^commercial/commercial$ +^motor/motor$ +^vehicles/vehicle$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^Europe/Europe$ +^,/,$ +^heavy/heavy$ +^duty/duty$ +^lorries/lorry$ +^use/use$ +^synchronised/synchronise$ +^gearboxes/gearbox$ +^as/as$ +^standard/standard$ +^./.$ + +^Similarly/similarly$ +^,/,$ +^most/most$ +^modern/modern$ +^motorcycles/motorcycle$ +^use/use$ +^unsynchronised/unsynchronised$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^:/:$ +^their/their$ +^low/low/low$ +^gear/gear$ +^inertias/inertia$ +^and/and$ +^higher/high$ +^strengths/strength$ +^mean/mean$ +^that/that$ +^forcing/force$ +^the/the$ +^gears/gear$ +^to/to$ +^alter/alter$ +^speed/speed$ +^is/be$ +^not/not$ +^damaging/damage$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^pedal/pedal$ +^-/-$ +^operated/operate$ +^selector/selector$ +^on/on$ +^modern/modern$ +^motorcycles/motorcycle$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^no/no$ +^neutral/neutral$ +^position/position$ +^between/between$ +^gears/gear$ +^(/($ +^except/except$ +^,/,$ +^commonly/commonly$ +^,/,$ +^1st/1$ +^and/and$ +^2nd/2$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^is/be$ +^not/not$ +^conducive/conducive$ +^to/to$ +^having/have$ +^the/the$ +^long/long$ +^shift/shift$ +^time/time$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^synchronised/synchronise$ +^gearbox/gearbox$ +^./.$ + +^Most/most$ +^modern/modern$ +^manual/manual$ +^-/-$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^vehicles/vehicle$ +^are/be$ +^fitted/fit$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^synchronised/synchronise$ +^gear/gear$ +^box/box$ +^./.$ + +^Transmission/transmission$ +^gears/gear$ +^are/be$ +^always/always$ +^in/in$ +^mesh/mesh$ +^and/and$ +^rotating/rotate$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^gears/gear$ +^on/on$ +^one/one$ +^shaft/shaft$ +^can/can$ +^freely/freely$ +^rotate/rotate$ +^or/or$ +^be/be$ +^locked/lock/lock$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^shaft/shaft$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^locking/lock$ +^mechanism/mechanism$ +^for/for$ +^a/a$ +^gear/gear$ +^consists/consist$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^collar/collar$ +^(/($ +^or/or$ +^dog/dog$ +^collar/collar$ +^)/)$ +^on/on/on$ +^the/the$ +^shaft/shaft$ +^which/which$ +^is/be$ +^able/able$ +^to/to$ +^slide/slide$ +^sideways/sideways$ +^so that/so that$ +^teeth/tooth$ +^(/($ +^or/or$ +^dogs/dog$ +^)/)$ +^on/on/on$ +^its/its$ +^inner/inner$ +^surface/surface$ +^bridge/bridge$ +^two/two$ +^circular/circular$ +^rings/ring$ +^with/with$ +^teeth/tooth$ +^on/on/on$ +^their/their$ +^outer/outer$ +^circumference/circumference$ +^:/:$ +^one/one$ +^attached/attach$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^gear/gear$ +^,/,$ +^one/one$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^shaft/shaft$ +^./.$ + +^When/when$ +^the/the$ +^rings/ring$ +^are/be$ +^bridged/bridge$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^collar/collar$ +^,/,$ +^that/that$ +^particular/particular$ +^gear/gear$ +^is/be$ +^rotationally/rotationally$ +^locked/lock$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^shaft/shaft$ +^and/and$ +^determines/determine$ +^the/the$ +^output/output$ +^speed/speed$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^gearshift/gearshift$ +^lever/lever$ +^manipulates/manipulate$ +^the/the$ +^collars/collar$ +^using/use$ +^a/a$ +^set/set$ +^of/of$ +^linkages/linkage$ +^,/,$ +^so/so$ +^arranged/arrange$ +^so that/so that$ +^one/one$ +^collar/collar$ +^may/may$ +^be/be$ +^permitted/permit$ +^to/to$ +^lock/lock$ +^only/only$ +^one/one$ +^gear/gear$ +^at/at$ +^any/any$ +^one/one$ +^time/time$ +^;/;$ +^when/when$ +" +^shifting/shift$ +^gears/gear$ +" +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^locking/lock$ +^collar/collar$ +^from/from$ +^one/one$ +^gear/gear$ +^is/be$ +^disengaged/disengage$ +^before/before$ +^that/that$ +^of/of$ +^another/another$ +^is/be$ +^engaged/engage$ +^./.$ + +^One/one$ +^collar/collar$ +^often/often$ +^serves/serve$ +^for/for$ +^two/two$ +^gears/gear$ +^;/;$ +^sliding/slide$ +^in/in$ +^one/one$ +^direction/direction$ +^selects/select$ +^one/one$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^speed/speed$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^other/other$ +^direction/direction$ +^selects/select$ +^another/another$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^a/a$ +^synchromesh/*synchromesh$ +^gearbox/gearbox$ +^,/,$ +^to/to$ +^correctly/correctly$ +^match/match$ +^the/the$ +^speed/speed$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^gear/gear$ +^to/to$ +^that/that$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^shaft/shaft$ +^as/as$ +^the/the$ +^gear/gear$ +^is/be$ +^engaged/engage/engage$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^collar/collar$ +^initially/initially$ +^applies/apply$ +^a/a$ +^force/force$ +^to/to$ +^a/a$ +^cone-shaped/cone-shaped$ +^brass/brass$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^attached/attach$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^gear/gear$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^brings/bring$ +^the/the$ +^speeds/speed$ +^to/to$ +^match/match$ +^prior/prior$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^collar/collar$ +^locking/lock$ +^into/into$ +^place/place$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^collar/collar$ +^is/be$ +^prevented/prevent$ +^from/from$ +^bridging/bridge$ +^the/the$ +^locking/lock$ +^rings/ring$ +^when/when$ +^the/the$ +^speeds/speed$ +^are/be$ +^mismatched/mismatch$ +^by/by$ +^synchro/*synchro$ +^rings/ring$ +^(/($ +^also/also$ +^called/call$ +^blocker/blocker$ +^rings/ring$ +^or/or$ +^baulk/*baulk$ +^rings/ring$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^synchro/*synchro$ +^ring/ring$ +^rotates/rotate$ +^slightly/slightly$ +^due/due$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^frictional/frictional$ +^torque/torque$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^cone/cone$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^this/this$ +^position/position$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^dog/dog$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^is/be$ +^prevented/prevent$ +^from/from$ +^engaging/engage$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^brass/brass$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^ring/ring$ +^gradually/gradually$ +^causes/cause$ +^parts/part$ +^to/to$ +^spin/spin$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^same/same$ +^speed/speed$ +^./.$ + +^When/when$ +^they/prpers$ +^do/do$ +^spin/spin$ +^the/the$ +^same/same$ +^speed/speed$ +^,/,$ +^there/there$ +^is/be$ +^no/no$ +^more/more$ +^torque/torque$ +^from/from$ +^the/the$ +^cone/cone$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^dog/dog$ +^clutch/clutch$ +^is/be$ +^allowed/allow$ +^to/to$ +^fall/fall$ +^into/into$ +^engagement/engagement$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^a/a$ +^modern/modern$ +^gearbox/gearbox$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^action/action$ +^of/of$ +^all/all$ +^of/of$ +^these/this$ +^components/component$ +^is/be$ +^so/so$ +^smooth/smooth$ +^and/and$ +^fast/fast$ +^it/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^hardly/hardly$ +^noticed/notice$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^modern/modern$ +^cone/cone$ +^system/system$ +^was/be$ +^developed/develop$ +^by/by$ +^Porsche/Porsche$ +^and/and$ +^introduced/introduce$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^1952/1952$ +^Porsche/Porsche$ +^356/356$ +^;/;$ +^cone/cone$ +^synchronisers/*synchronisers$ +^were/be$ +^called/call$ +^Porsche/Porsche$ +^-/-$ +^type/type$ +^for/for$ +^many/many$ +^years/year$ +^after/after$ +^this/this$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^the/the$ +^early/early$ +^1950s/1950s$ +^,/,$ +^only/only$ +^the/the$ +^second/second$ +^-/-$ +^third/third$ +^shift/shift$ +^was/be$ +^synchromesh/*synchromesh$ +^in/in$ +^most/most$ +^cars/car$ +^,/,$ +^requiring/require$ +^only/only$ +^a/a$ +^single/single$ +^synchro/*synchro$ +^and/and$ +^a/a$ +^simple/simple$ +^linkage/linkage$ +^;/;$ +^drivers/driver$ +^'/'s$ +^manuals/manual$ +^in/in$ +^cars/car$ +^suggested/suggest$ +^that/that$ +^if/if$ +^the/the$ +^driver/driver$ +^needed/need$ +^to/to$ +^shift/shift$ +^from/from$ +^second/second$ +^to/to$ +^first/first$ +^,/,$ +^it/prpers$ +^was/be$ +^best/good$ +^to/to$ +^come/come$ +^to/to$ +^a/a$ +^complete/complete$ +^stop/stop$ +^then/then$ +^shift/shift$ +^into/into$ +^first/first$ +^and/and$ +^start/start$ +^up/up$ +^again/again$ +^./.$ + +^With/with$ +^continuing/continue$ +^sophistication/sophistication$ +^of/of$ +^mechanical/mechanical$ +^development/development$ +^,/,$ +^fully/fully$ +^synchromesh/*synchromesh$ +^transmissions/transmission$ +^with/with$ +^three/three$ +^speeds/speed$ +^,/,$ +^then/then$ +^four/four$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^then/then$ +^five/five$ +^,/,$ +^became/become$ +^universal/universal$ +^by/by$ +^the/the$ +^1980s/1980s$ +^./.$ + +^Many/many$ +^modern/modern$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^cars/car$ +^,/,$ +^especially/especially$ +^sports/sport$ +^cars/car$ +^,/,$ +^now/now$ +^offer/offer$ +^six/six$ +^speeds/speed$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^2012/2012$ +^Porsche/Porsche$ +^911/911$ +^offers/offer$ +^a/a$ +^seven/seven$ +^-/-$ +^speed/speed$ +^manual/manual$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^seventh/seventh$ +^gear/gear$ +^intended/intend$ +^for/for$ +^cruising/cruise$ +^-/-$ +^top/top$ +^speed/speed$ +^being/be$ +^attained/attain$ +^on/on$ +^sixth/sixth$ +^./.$ + +^Reverse/reverse$ +^gear/gear$ +^is/be$ +^usually/usually$ +^not/not$ +^synchromesh/*synchromesh$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^there/there$ +^is/be$ +^only/only$ +^one/one$ +^reverse/reverse$ +^gear/gear$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^normal/normal$ +^automotive/automotive$ +^transmission/transmission$ +^and/and$ +^changing/change$ +^gears/gear$ +^into/into$ +^reverse/reverse$ +^while/while$ +^moving/move$ +^is/be$ +^not/not$ +^required/require$ +^-/-$ +^and/and$ +^often/often$ +^highly/highly$ +^undesirable/undesirable$ +^,/,$ +^particularly/particularly$ +^at/at$ +^high/high$ +^forward/forward$ +^speed/speed$ +^./.$ + +^Additionally/additionally$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^usual/usual$ +^method/method$ +^of/of$ +^providing/provide$ +^reverse/reverse$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^an/a$ +^idler/*idler$ +^gear/gear$ +^sliding/sliding$ +^into/into$ +^place/place$ +^to/to$ +^bridge/bridge$ +^what/what$ +^would/would$ +^otherwise/otherwise$ +^be/be$ +^two/two$ +^mismatched/mismatch$ +^forward/forward$ +^gears/gear$ +^,/,$ +^is/be$ +^necessarily/necessarily$ +^similar/similar$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^operation/operation$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^crash/crash$ +^box/box$ +^./.$ Index: languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/turing1.consensus.txt =================================================================== --- languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/turing1.consensus.txt (nonexistent) +++ languages/apertium-eng/texts/consensus/turing1.consensus.txt (revision 80422) @@ -0,0 +1,1670 @@ +^Alan/Alan$ +^Mathison/Mathison$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^,/,$ +^OBE/*OBE$ +^,/,$ +^FRS/*FRS$ +^(/($ +^23/23$ +^June/June$ +^1912/1912$ +^–/–$ +^7/7$ +^June/June$ +^1954/1954$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^was/be$ +^a/a$ +^British/british$ +^mathematician/mathematician$ +^,/,$ +^logician/logician$ +^,/,$ +^cryptanalyst/cryptanalyst$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^computer/computer$ +^scientist/scientist$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^was/be/be$ +^highly/highly$ +^influential/influential$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^development/development$ +^of/of$ +^computer/computer$ +^science/science$ +^,/,$ +^giving/give$ +^a/a$ +^formalisation/formalisation$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^concepts/concept$ +^of/of$ +" +^algorithm/algorithm$ +" +^and/and$ +" +^computation/computation$ +" +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^machine/machine$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^can/can$ +^be/be$ +^considered/consider$ +^a/a$ +^model/model$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^general/general$ +^-/-$ +^purpose/purpose$ +^computer/computer$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^is/be$ +^widely/widely$ +^considered/consider$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^the/the$ +^father/father$ +^of/of$ +^computer/computer$ +^science/science$ +^and/and$ +^artificial/artificial$ +^intelligence/intelligence$ +^./.$ + +^During/during$ +^the/the$ +^Second/second$ +^World/world$ +^War/war$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^worked/work$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^Government/government$ +^Code/code$ +^and/and$ +^Cypher/Cypher$ +^School/school$ +^(/($ +^GC&CS/*GC&CS$ +^)/)$ +^at/at$ +^Bletchley/Bletchley$ +^Park/park$ +^,/,$ +^Britain/Britain$ +^'s/'s$ +^codebreaking/codebreaking$ +^centre/centre$ +^./.$ + +^For/for$ +^a/a$ +^time/time$ +^he/prpers$ +^was/be$ +^head/head$ +^of/of$ +^Hut/hut$ +^8/8$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^section/section$ +^responsible/responsible$ +^for/for$ +^German/german$ +^naval/naval$ +^cryptanalysis/cryptanalysis$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^devised/devise$ +^a/a$ +^number/number$ +^of/of$ +^techniques/technique$ +^for/for$ +^breaking/break$ +^German/german$ +^cyphers/cypher$ +^,/,$ +^including/include$ +^the/the$ +^method/method$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^bombe/bombe$ +^,/,$ +^an/a$ +^electromechanical/electromechanical$ +^machine/machine$ +^that/that$ +^could/can$ +^find/find$ +^settings/setting$ +^for/for$ +^the/the$ +^Enigma/enigma$ +^machine/machine$ +^./.$ + +^After/after$ +^the/the$ +^war/war$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^worked/work$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^National/national$ +^Physical/physical$ +^Laboratory/laboratory$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^he/prpers$ +^designed/design$ +^the/the$ +^ACE/ACE$ +^,/,$ +^one/one$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^first/first$ +^designs/design$ +^for/for$ +^a/a$ +^stored/store$ +^-/-$ +^program/program$ +^computer/computer$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^1948/1948$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^joined/join$ +^Max/Max$ +^Newman/Newman$ +^'s/'s$ +^Computing/computing$ +^Laboratory/laboratory$ +^at/at$ +^Manchester/Manchester$ +^University/university$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^he/prpers$ +^assisted/assist$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^development/development$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Manchester/Manchester$ +^computers/computer$ +^and/and$ +^became/become$ +^interested/interest$ +^in/in$ +^mathematical/mathematical$ +^biology/biology$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^wrote/write$ +^a/a$ +^paper/paper$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^chemical/chemical$ +^basis/basis$ +^of/of$ +^morphogenesis/morphogenesis$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^predicted/predict$ +^oscillating/oscillate$ +^chemical/chemical$ +^reactions/reaction$ +^such as/such as$ +^the/the$ +^Belousov/Belousov$ +^-/-$ +^Zhabotinsky/Zhabotinsky$ +^reaction/reaction$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^were/be$ +^first/first$ +^observed/observe$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^1960s/1960s$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^homosexuality/homosexuality$ +^resulted/result$ +^in/in$ +^a/a$ +^criminal/criminal$ +^prosecution/prosecution$ +^in/in$ +^1952/1952$ +^,/,$ +^when/when$ +^homosexual/homosexual$ +^acts/act$ +^were/be$ +^still/still$ +^criminalised/criminalise$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^United Kingdom/United Kingdom$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^accepted/accept$ +^treatment/treatment$ +^with/with$ +^female/female$ +^hormones/hormone$ +^(/($ +^chemical/chemical$ +^castration/castration$ +^)/)$ +^as/as$ +^an/a$ +^alternative/alternative$ +^to/to$ +^prison/prison$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^died/die$ +^in/in$ +^1954/1954$ +^,/,$ +^just/just$ +^over/over$ +^two/two$ +^weeks/week$ +^before/before$ +^his/his$ +^42nd/42$ +^birthday/birthday$ +^,/,$ +^from/from$ +^cyanide/cyanide$ +^poisoning/poison$ +^./.$ + +^An/a$ +^inquest/inquest$ +^determined/determine$ +^that/that$ +^his/his$ +^death/death$ +^was/be$ +^suicide/suicide$ +^;/;$ +^his/his$ +^mother/mother$ +^and/and$ +^some/some$ +^others/others$ +^believed/believe$ +^his/his$ +^death/death$ +^was/be$ +^accidental/accidental$ +^./.$ + +^On/on$ +^10/10$ +^September/September$ +^2009/2009$ +^,/,$ +^following/follow$ +^an/a$ +^Internet/internet$ +^campaign/campaign$ +^,/,$ +^British/british$ +^Prime Minister/prime minister$ +^Gordon/Gordon$ +^Brown/Brown$ +^made/make$ +^an/a$ +^official/official$ +^public/public$ +^apology/apology$ +^on behalf of/on behalf of$ +^the/the$ +^British/british$ +^government/government$ +^for/for$ +" +^the/the$ +^appalling/appal$ +^way/way$ +^he/prpers$ +^was/be$ +^treated/treat$ +" +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^May/May$ +^2012/2012$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^private/private$ +^member/member$ +^'s/'s$ +^bill/bill$ +^was/be$ +^put/put$ +^before/before$ +^the/the$ +^House/house$ +^of/of$ +^Lords/lord$ +^to/to$ +^grant/grant$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^a/a$ +^statutory/statutory$ +^pardon/pardon$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^July/July$ +^2013/2013$ +^it/prpers$ +^gained/gain$ +^government/government$ +^support/support$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^was/be$ +^born/bear$ +^in/in$ +^London/London$ +^while/while$ +^his/his$ +^father/father$ +^was/be$ +^on/on$ +^leave/leave$ +^from/from$ +^his/his$ +^position/position$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^Indian/indian$ +^Civil/civil$ +^Service/service$ +^(/($ +^ICS/*ICS$ +^)/)$ +^at/at$ +^Chhatrapur/Chhatrapur$ +^,/,$ +^Bihar/Bihar$ +^and/and$ +^Orissa/Orissa$ +^Province/province$ +^,/,$ +^in/in$ +^British India/British India$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^father/father$ +^,/,$ +^Julius/Julius$ +^Mathison/Mathison$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^(/($ +^1873/1873$ +^–/–$ +^1947/1947$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^was/be$ +^the/the$ +^son/son$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^clergyman/clergyman$ +^from/from$ +^a/a$ +^Scottish/scottish$ +^family/family$ +^of/of$ +^merchants/merchant$ +^which/which$ +^had/have$ +^been/be$ +^based/base$ +^in/in$ +^the Netherlands/the Netherlands$ +^and/and$ +^included/include$ +^a/a$ +^baronet/baronet$ +^./.$ +^Julius/Julius$ +^'s/'s/be$ +^wife/wife$ +^,/,$ +^Alan/Alan$ +^'s/'s/be$ +^mother/mother$ +^,/,$ +^was/be/be$ +^Ethel/Ethel$ +^Sara/Sara$ +^(/($ +^née/née$ +^Stoney/Stoney$ +^;/;$ +^1881/1881$ +^–/–$ +^1976/1976$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^daughter/daughter$ +^of/of$ +^Edward/Edward$ +^Waller/Waller$ +^Stoney/Stoney$ +^,/,$ +^chief/chief$ +^engineer/engineer$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Madras/Madras$ +^Railways/railway$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^Stoneys/Stoney$ +^were/be$ +^a/a$ +^Protestant/protestant$ +^Anglo-Irish/Anglo-Irish$ +^gentry/gentry$ +^family/family$ +^from/from$ +^both/both$ +^County/county$ +^Tipperary/Tipperary$ +^and/and$ +^County/county$ +^Longford/Longford$ +^,/,$ +^while/while$ +^Ethel/Ethel$ +^herself/herself$ +^had/have$ +^spent/spend$ +^much/much$ +^of/of$ +^her/her$ +^childhood/childhood$ +^in/in$ +^County/county$ +^Clare/Clare$ +^./.$ + +^Julius/Julius$ +^'/'s$ +^work/work$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^ICS/*ICS$ +^brought/bring$ +^the/the$ +^family/family$ +^to/to$ +^British India/British India$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^his/his$ +^grandfather/grandfather$ +^had/have$ +^been/be$ +^a/a$ +^general/general$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^Bengal/Bengal$ +^Army/army$ +^./.$ + +^However/however$ +^,/,$ +^both/both$ +^Julius/Julius$ +^and/and$ +^Ethel/Ethel$ +^wanted/want$ +^their/their$ +^children/child$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^brought/bring$ +^up/up$ +^in/in$ +^England/England$ +^,/,$ +^so/so$ +^they/prpers$ +^moved/move$ +^to/to$ +^Maida Vale/Maida Vale$ +^,/,$ +^London/London$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^was/be$ +^born/bear$ +^on/on$ +^23/23$ +^June/June$ +^1912/1912$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^recorded/record$ +^by/by$ +^a/a$ +^blue/blue$ +^plaque/plaque$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^outside/outside$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^house/house$ +^of/of$ +^his/his$ +^birth/birth$ +^,/,$ +^later/later$ +^the/the$ +^Colonnade/colonnade$ +^Hotel/hotel$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^had/have$ +^an/a$ +^elder/elder$ +^brother/brother$ +^,/,$ +^John/John$ +^(/($ +^the/the$ +^father/father$ +^of/of$ +^Sir/sir$ +^John/John$ +^Dermot/Dermot$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^,/,$ +^12th/12$ +^Baronet/baronet$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^baronets/baronet$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^His/his$ +^father/father$ +^'s/'s$ +^civil/civil$ +^service/service$ +^commission/commission$ +^was/be$ +^still/still$ +^active/active$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^during/during$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^childhood/childhood$ +^years/year$ +^his/his$ +^parents/parent$ +^travelled/travel$ +^between/between$ +^Hastings/Hastings$ +^in/in$ +^England/England$ +^and/and$ +^India/India$ +^,/,$ +^leaving/leave$ +^their/their$ +^two/two$ +^sons/son$ +^to/to$ +^stay/stay$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^retired/retire$ +^Army/army$ +^couple/couple$ +^./.$ + +^Very/very$ +^early/early$ +^in/in$ +^life/life$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^showed/show$ +^signs/sign$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^genius/genius$ +^he/prpers$ +^was/be$ +^later/later$ +^to/to$ +^display/display$ +^prominently/prominently$ +^./.$ + +^His/his$ +^parents/parent$ +^purchased/purchase$ +^a/a$ +^house/house$ +^in/in$ +^Guildford/Guildford$ +^in/in$ +^1927/1927$ +^,/,$ +^and/and$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^lived/live$ +^there/there$ +^during/during$ +^school/school$ +^holidays/holiday$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^location/location$ +^is/be$ +^also/also$ +^marked/mark$ +^with/with$ +^a/a$ +^blue/blue$ +^plaque/plaque$ +^./.$ + +^His/his$ +^parents/parent$ +^enrolled/enrol$ +^him/prpers$ +^at/at$ +^St. Michael/St. Michael$ +^'s/'s$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^day/day$ +^school/school$ +^at/at$ +^20/20$ +^Charles/Charles$ +^Road/road$ +^,/,$ +^St. Leonards-on-Sea/St. Leonards-on-Sea$ +^,/,$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^age/age$ +^of/of$ +^six/six$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^headmistress/headmistress$ +^recognised/recognise$ +^his/his$ +^talent/talent$ +^early on/early on$ +^,/,$ +^as/as$ +^did/do$ +^many/many$ +^of/of$ +^his/his$ +^subsequent/subsequent$ +^teachers/teacher$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^1926/1926$ +^,/,$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^age/age$ +^of/of$ +^13/13$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^went/go$ +^on/on$ +^to/to$ +^Sherborne/Sherborne$ +^School/school$ +^,/,$ +^a/a$ +^well-known/well-known$ +^independent/independent$ +^school/school$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^market/market$ +^town/town$ +^of/of$ +^Sherborne/Sherborne$ +^in/in$ +^Dorset/Dorset$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^first/first$ +^day/day$ +^of/of$ +^term/term$ +^coincided/coincide$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^1926/1926$ +^General/general$ +^Strike/strike$ +^in/in$ +^Britain/Britain$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^so/so$ +^determined/determine$ +^was/be$ +^he/prpers$ +^to/to$ +^attend/attend$ +^that/that$ +^he/prpers$ +^rode/ride$ +^his/his$ +^bicycle/bicycle$ +^unaccompanied/unaccompanied$ +^more/more$ +^than/than$ +^60/60$ +^miles/mile$ +^(/($ +^97/97$ +^km/km$ +^)/)$ +^from/from$ +^Southampton/Southampton$ +^to/to$ +^Sherborne/Sherborne$ +^,/,$ +^stopping/stop$ +^overnight/overnight$ +^at/at$ +^an/a$ +^inn/inn$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^natural/natural$ +^inclination/inclination$ +^toward/toward$ +^mathematics/mathematics$ +^and/and$ +^science/science$ +^did/do$ +^not/not$ +^earn/earn$ +^him/prpers$ +^respect/respect$ +^from/from$ +^some/some$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^teachers/teacher$ +^at/at$ +^Sherborne/Sherborne$ +^,/,$ +^whose/whose$ +^definition/definition$ +^of/of$ +^education/education$ +^placed/place$ +^more/more$ +^emphasis/emphasis$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^classics/classics$ +^./.$ + +^His/his$ +^headmaster/headmaster$ +^wrote/write$ +^to/to$ +^his/his$ +^parents/parent$ +^:/:$ +" +^I/prpers$ +^hope/hope$ +^he/prpers$ +^will/will$ +^not/not$ +^fall/fall$ +^between/between$ +^two/two$ +^stools/stool$ +^./.$ +^If/if$ +^he/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^to/to$ +^stay/stay$ +^at/at$ +^public/public$ +^school/school$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^must/must$ +^aim/aim$ +^at/at$ +^becoming/become$ +^educated/educate$ +^./.$ +^If/if$ +^he/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^to/to$ +^be/be$ +^solely/solely$ +^a/a$ +^Scientific/scientific$ +^Specialist/specialist$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^wasting/waste$ +^his/his$ +^time/time$ +^at/at$ +^a/a$ +^public/public$ +^school/school$ +" +^./.$ + +^Despite/despite$ +^this/this$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^continued/continue$ +^to/to$ +^show/show$ +^remarkable/remarkable$ +^ability/ability$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^studies/study$ +^he/prpers$ +^loved/love$ +^,/,$ +^solving/solve$ +^advanced/advance$ +^problems/problem$ +^in/in$ +^1927/1927$ +^without/without$ +^having/have$ +^studied/study$ +^even/even$ +^elementary/elementary$ +^calculus/calculus$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^1928/1928$ +^,/,$ +^aged/age$ +^16/16$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^encountered/encounter$ +^Albert/Albert$ +^Einstein/Einstein$ +^'s/'s$ +^work/work$ +^;/;$ +^not/not$ +^only/only$ +^did/do$ +^he/prpers$ +^grasp/grasp$ +^it/prpers$ +^,/,$ +^but/but/but$ +^he/prpers$ +^extrapolated/extrapolate$ +^Einstein/Einstein$ +^'s/'s$ +^questioning/question$ +^of/of$ +^Newton/Newton$ +^'s/'s$ +^laws/law$ +^of/of$ +^motion/motion$ +^from/from$ +^a/a$ +^text/text$ +^in/in$ +^which/which$ +^this/this$ +^was/be$ +^never/never$ +^made/make$ +^explicit/explicit$ +^./.$ + +^At/at$ +^Sherborne/Sherborne$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^formed/form$ +^an/a$ +^important/important$ +^friendship/friendship$ +^with/with$ +^fellow/fellow$ +^pupil/pupil$ +^Christopher/Christopher$ +^Morcom/Morcom$ +^,/,$ +^which/which$ +^provided/provide$ +^inspiration/inspiration$ +^in/in$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^future/future$ +^endeavours/endeavour$ +^./.$ + +^However/however$ +^,/,$ +^the/the$ +^friendship/friendship$ +^was/be$ +^cut/cut$ +^short/short$ +^by/by$ +^Morcom/Morcom$ +^'s/'s$ +^death/death$ +^in/in$ +^February/February$ +^1930/1930$ +^from/from$ +^complications/complication$ +^of/of$ +^bovine/bovine$ +^tuberculosis/tuberculosis$ +^contracted/contract$ +^after/after$ +^drinking/drink$ +^infected/infect$ +^cow/cow$ +^'s/'s$ +^milk/milk$ +^some/some$ +^years/year$ +^previously/previously$ +^./.$ + +^This/this$ +^event/event$ +^shattered/shatter$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^religious/religious$ +^faith/faith$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^became/become$ +^an/a$ +^atheist/atheist$ +^and/and$ +^adopted/adopt$ +^the/the$ +^conviction/conviction$ +^that/that$ +^all/all$ +^phenomena/phenomenon$ +^,/,$ +^including/include$ +^the/the$ +^workings/workings$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^human/human$ +^brain/brain$ +^,/,$ +^must/must$ +^be/be$ +^materialistic/materialistic$ +^,/,$ +^but/but$ +^he/prpers$ +^still/still$ +^believed/believe$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^survival/survival$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^spirit/spirit$ +^after/after$ +^death/death$ +^./.$ + +^After/after$ +^Sherborne/Sherborne$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^studied/study$ +^as/as$ +^an/a$ +^undergraduate/undergraduate$ +^from/from$ +^1931/1931$ +^to/to$ +^1934/1934$ +^at/at$ +^King's College/King's College$ +^,/,$ +^Cambridge/Cambridge$ +^,/,$ +^from/from$ +^where/where$ +^he/prpers$ +^gained/gain$ +^first/first$ +^-/-$ +^class/class$ +^honours/honour$ +^in/in$ +^mathematics/mathematics$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^1935/1935$ +^,/,$ +^at/at$ +^the/the$ +^young/young$ +^age/age$ +^of/of$ +^22/22$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^was/be$ +^elected/elect$ +^a/a$ +^fellow/fellow$ +^at/at$ +^King/king$ +^'s/'s$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^strength/strength$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^dissertation/dissertation$ +^in/in$ +^which/which$ +^he/prpers$ +^proved/prove$ +^the/the$ +^central/central$ +^limit/limit$ +^theorem/theorem$ +^,/,$ +^despite/despite$ +^the/the$ +^fact/fact$ +^that/that$ +^he/prpers$ +^had/have$ +^failed/fail$ +^to/to$ +^find/find$ +^out/out$ +^that/that$ +^it/prpers$ +^had/have$ +^already/already$ +^been/be$ +^proven/prove$ +^in/in$ +^1922/1922$ +^by/by$ +^Jarl/Jarl$ +^Waldemar/Waldemar$ +^Lindeberg/Lindeberg$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^1928/1928$ +^,/,$ +^German/german$ +^mathematician/mathematician$ +^David/David$ +^Hilbert/Hilbert$ +^had/have$ +^called/call$ +^attention/attention$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Entscheidungsproblem/Entscheidungsproblem$ +^(/($ +^decision/decision$ +^problem/problem$ +^)/)$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^his/his$ +^momentous/momentous$ +^paper/paper$ +" +^On/on$ +^Computable/Computable$ +^Numbers/number$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^an/a$ +^Application/application$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Entscheidungsproblem/Entscheidungsproblem$ +" +^(/($ +^submitted/submit$ +^on/on$ +^28/28$ +^May/May$ +^1936/1936$ +^and/and$ +^delivered/deliver$ +^12/12$ +^November/November$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^reformulated/reformulate$ +^Kurt/Kurt$ +^Gödel/Gödel$ +^'s/'s$ +^1931/1931$ +^results/result$ +^on/on$ +^the/the$ +^limits/limit$ +^of/of$ +^proof/proof$ +^and/and$ +^computation/computation$ +^,/,$ +^replacing/replace$ +^Gödel/Gödel$ +^'s/'s$ +^universal/universal$ +^arithmetic/arithmetic$ +^-/-$ +^based/base$ +^formal/formal$ +^language/language$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^formal/formal$ +^and/and$ +^simple/simple$ +^hypothetical/hypothetical$ +^devices/device$ +^that/that$ +^became/become$ +^known/know$ +^as/as$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^machines/machine$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^proved/prove$ +^that/that$ +^some/some$ +^such/such$ +^machine/machine$ +^would/would$ +^be/be$ +^capable/capable$ +^of/of$ +^performing/perform$ +^any/any$ +^conceivable/conceivable$ +^mathematical/mathematical$ +^computation/computation$ +^if/if$ +^it/prpers$ +^were/be$ +^representable/representable$ +^as/as$ +^an/a$ +^algorithm/algorithm$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^went/go$ +^on/on$ +^to/to$ +^prove/prove$ +^that/that$ +^there/there$ +^was/be$ +^no/no/no$ +^solution/solution$ +^to/to$ +^the/the$ +^Entscheidungsproblem/Entscheidungsproblem$ +^by/by$ +^first/first$ +^showing/show$ +^that/that$ +^the/the$ +^halting/halt$ +^problem/problem$ +^for/for$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^machines/machine$ +^is/be$ +^undecidable/undecidable$ +^:/:$ +^in/in$ +^general/general$ +^,/,$ +^it/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^not/not$ +^possible/possible$ +^to/to$ +^decide/decide$ +^algorithmically/algorithmically$ +^whether/whether$ +^a/a$ +^given/give$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^machine/machine$ +^will/will$ +^ever/ever$ +^halt/halt$ +^./.$ + +^Although/although$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^proof/proof$ +^was/be$ +^published/publish$ +^shortly/shortly$ +^after/after$ +^Alonzo/Alonzo$ +^Church/Church$ +^'s/'s$ +^equivalent/equivalent$ +^proof/proof$ +^using/use$ +^his/his$ +^lambda/lambda$ +^calculus/calculus$ +^,/,$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^had/have$ +^been/be$ +^unaware/unaware$ +^of/of$ +^Church/Church$ +^'s/'s$ +^work/work$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^'s/'s$ +^approach/approach$ +^is/be$ +^considerably/considerably$ +^more/more$ +^accessible/accessible$ +^and/and$ +^intuitive/intuitive$ +^than/than$ +^Church/Church$ +^'s/'s$ +^./.$ + +^It/prpers$ +^was/be$ +^also/also$ +^novel/novel$ +^in/in$ +^its/its$ +^notion/notion$ +^of/of$ +^a/a$ +^'/'$ +^Universal/universal$ +^Machine/machine$ +^'/'$ +^(/($ +^now/now$ +^known/know$ +^as/as$ +^a/a$ +^Universal/universal$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^machine/machine$ +^)/)$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^idea/idea$ +^that/that$ +^such/such$ +^a/a$ +^machine/machine$ +^could/can$ +^perform/perform$ +^the/the$ +^tasks/task$ +^of/of$ +^any/any$ +^other/other$ +^machine/machine$ +^,/,$ +^or/or$ +^in/in$ +^other/other$ +^words/word$ +^,/,$ +^it/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^provably/provably$ +^capable/capable$ +^of/of$ +^computing/compute$ +^anything/anything$ +^that/that$ +^is/be$ +^computable/computable$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^effect/effect$ +^,/,$ +^it/prpers$ +^is/be$ +^programmable/programmable$ +^./.$ + +^Von Neumann/Von Neumann$ +^acknowledged/acknowledge$ +^that/that$ +^the/the$ +^central/central$ +^concept/concept$ +^of/of$ +^the/the$ +^modern/modern$ +^computer/computer$ +^was/be$ +^due/due$ +^to/to$ +^this/this$ +^paper/paper$ +^./.$ + +^Turing/Turing$ +^machines/machine$ +^are/be$ +^to/to$ +^this/this$ +^day/day$ +^a/a$ +^central/central$ +^object/object$ +^of/of$ +^study/study$ +^in/in$ +^the/the$ +^theory/theory$ +^of/of$ +^computation/computation$ +^./.$ + +^From/from$ +^September/September$ +^1936/1936$ +^to/to$ +^July/July$ +^1938/1938$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^spent/spend$ +^most/most$ +^of/of$ +^his/his$ +^time/time$ +^studying/study$ +^under/under$ +^Church/Church$ +^at/at$ +^Princeton/Princeton$ +^University/university$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^addition/addition$ +^to/to$ +^his/his$ +^purely/purely$ +^mathematical/mathematical$ +^work/work$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^studied/study$ +^cryptology/cryptology$ +^and/and$ +^also/also$ +^built/build$ +^three/three$ +^of/of$ +^four/four$ +^stages/stage$ +^of/of$ +^an/a$ +^electro-mechanical/electro-mechanical$ +^binary/binary$ +^multiplier/multiplier$ +^./.$ + +^In/in$ +^June/June$ +^1938/1938$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^obtained/obtain$ +^his/his$ +^PhD/PhD$ +^from/from$ +^Princeton/Princeton$ +^;/;$ +^his/his$ +^dissertation/dissertation$ +^,/,$ +^Systems/system$ +^of/of$ +^Logic/logic$ +^Based/base$ +^on/on$ +^Ordinals/ordinal$ +^,/,$ +^introduced/introduce$ +^the/the$ +^concept/concept$ +^of/of$ +^ordinal/ordinal$ +^logic/logic$ +^and/and$ +^the/the$ +^notion/notion$ +^of/of$ +^relative/relative$ +^computing/computing$ +^,/,$ +^where/where$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^machines/machine$ +^are/be$ +^augmented/augment$ +^with/with$ +^so-called/so-called$ +^oracles/oracle$ +^,/,$ +^allowing/allow$ +^a/a$ +^study/study$ +^of/of$ +^problems/problem$ +^that/that$ +^cannot/can+not$ +^be/be$ +^solved/solve$ +^by/by$ +^a/a$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^machine/machine$ +^./.$ + +^When/when$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^returned/return$ +^to/to$ +^Cambridge/Cambridge$ +^,/,$ +^he/prpers$ +^attended/attend$ +^lectures/lecture$ +^given/give$ +^by/by$ +^Ludwig/Ludwig$ +^Wittgenstein/Wittgenstein$ +^about/about$ +^the/the$ +^foundations/foundation$ +^of/of$ +^mathematics/mathematics$ +^./.$ + +^The/the$ +^two/two$ +^argued/argue$ +^and/and$ +^disagreed/disagree$ +^,/,$ +^with/with$ +^Turing/Turing$ +^defending/defend$ +^formalism/formalism$ +^and/and$ +^Wittgenstein/Wittgenstein$ +^propounding/propound$ +^his/his$ +^view/view$ +^that/that$ +^mathematics/mathematics$ +^does/do$ +^not/not$ +^discover/discover$ +^any/any$ +^absolute/absolute$ +^truths/truth$ +^but/but$ +^rather/rather$ +^invents/invent$ +^them/prpers$ +^./.$ + +^He/prpers$ +^also/also$ +^started/start$ +^to/to$ +^work/work$ +^part-time/part-time$ +^with/with$ +^the/the$ +^Government/government$ +^Code/code$ +^and/and$ +^Cypher/Cypher$ +^School/school$ +^(/($ +^GC&CS/GC&CS$ +^)/)$ +^./.$